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      Scimitar syndrome and anesthetic implications Translated title: Implicaciones anestésicas del Síndrome de Cimitarra para cirugía no cardiaca

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          Abstract

          We present a clinical case report of a child with scimitar syndrome and a review of the literature in order to describe the main surgical and anesthetic implications of these patients. Child, 4 months old, weight 4700 g, diagnosed with pneumonia and left lobar emphysema requires mechanical intubation and ICU care. The associated diagnoses are failed extubation, severe pulmonary hypertension and scimitar syndrome confirmed with echocardiography He was scheduled for pulmonary lobectomy. His mother signed an informed consent authorization for anesthesia and surgery. The child entered surgery, intravenous anesthetic induction was performed and a central venous catheter, an arterial line, urinary catheter and pre-and post-ductal pulse oximeters were inserted. He required vasopressor support with dopamine and transfusion of red blood cells. No adverse events during surgery. At the end of the surgery he was carried back to pediatric ICU and intubated with a chest tube. Extubation was successfully performed 2 days later with favorable progress. Scimitar syndrome is characterized by an anomalous right pulmonary venous return associated with congenital heart disease and pulmonary malformations. It has a low prevalence in the population but a very high perioperative morbidity and mortality, especially in children. With this report we present the main standards and practices for anesthetic management, monitoring and hemodynamic goals with these patients.

          Translated abstract

          Se presenta un reporte de caso clínico de un niño con Síndrome de Cimitarra y revisión de la literatura existente con el fin de describir las principales implicaciones quirúrgicas y anestésicas de estos pacientes. Niño de 4 meses de edad, peso de 4700 grs. Ingresó por cuadro de neumonía con enfisema lobar izquierdo que requirió intubación mecánica y manejo en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Los diagnósticos asociados son extubación fallida, hipertensión pulmonar severa y Síndrome de Cimitarra confirmada por ecocardiografía. Es programado para lobectomía pulmonar izquierda. La madre firmó consentimiento informado para la anestesia y para la cirugía. Ingresa a cirugía; se realiza inducción anestésica intravenosa y se coloca cateter venoso central, línea arterial, sonda vesical y pulsoximetros pre y posductal. Requirió soporte vaopresor con dopamina y transfusión de glóbulos rojos. No eventos adversos durante la cirugía, se lleva de nuevo a la UCI pediátrica intubado, con tubo a torax y se logra extubar dos días después con evolución favorable. El Síndrome de Cimitarra se caracteriza por un drenaje venoso pulmonar anómalo derecho asociado a car-diopatías congénitas y malformaciones pulmonares. Tiene una prevalencia baja dentro de la población pero una morbimortalidad perioperatoria muy alta sobretodo en niños. Con este reporte se presentan unas pautas concretas y prácticas para el manejo anestésico, la monitorización y las metas hemodinámicas de estos pacientes.

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          Perioperative complications in children with pulmonary hypertension undergoing noncardiac surgery or cardiac catheterization.

          Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) can lead to significant cardiac dysfunction and is considered to be associated with an increased risk of perioperative cardiovascular complications. We reviewed the medical records of children with PAH who underwent anesthesia or sedation for noncardiac surgical procedures or cardiac catheterizations from 1999 to 2004. The incidence, type, and associated factors of complications occurring intraoperatively through 48 h postoperatively were examined. Two hundred fifty-six procedures were performed in 156 patients (median age 4.0 yr). PAH etiology was 56% idiopathic (primary), 21% congenital heart disease, 14% chronic lung disease, 4% chronic airway obstruction, and 4% chronic liver disease. Baseline pulmonary artery pressure was subsystemic in 68% patients, systemic in 19%, and suprasystemic in 13%. The anesthetic techniques were 22% sedation, 58% general inhaled, 20% general IV. Minor complications occurred in eight patients (5.1% of patients, 3.1% of procedures). Major complications, including cardiac arrest and pulmonary hypertensive crisis, occurred in seven patients during cardiac catheterization procedures (4.5% of patients, 5.0% of cardiac catheterization procedures, 2.7% of all procedures). There were two deaths associated with pulmonary hypertensive crisis (1.3% of patients, 0.8% of procedures). Baseline suprasystemic PAH was a significant predictor of major complications by multivariate logistic regression analysis (OR = 8.1, P = 0.02). Complications were not significantly associated with age, etiology of PAH, type of anesthetic, or airway management. Children with suprasystemic PAH have a significant risk of major perioperative complications, including cardiac arrest and pulmonary hypertensive crisis.
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            Scimitar syndrome: a European Congenital Heart Surgeons Association (ECHSA) multicentric study.

            Scimitar syndrome is a rare congenital heart disease. To evaluate the surgical results, we embarked on the European Congenital Heart Surgeons Association (ECHSA) multicentric study. From January 1997 to December 2007, we collected data on 68 patients who underwent surgery for scimitar syndrome. Primary outcomes included hospital mortality and the efficacy of repair at follow-up. Median age at surgery was 1.4 years (interquartile range, 0.46 to 7.92 years). Forty-four patients (64%) presented with symptoms. Surgical repair included intraatrial baffle in 38 patients (56%; group 1) and reimplantation of the scimitar vein onto the left atrium in 21 patients (31%; group 2). Eight patients underwent right pneumectomy, and 1 had a right lower lobe lobectomy (group 3). Four patients died in hospital (5.9%; 1 patient in group 1, 2.6%; 3 patients in group 3, 33%). Median follow-up time was 4.5 years. There were 2 late deaths (3.1%) resulting from severe pulmonary arterial hypertension. Freedom from scimitar drainage stenosis at 13 years was 83.8% in group 1 and 85.8% in group 2. Four patients in group 1 were reoperated, and 3 patients (2 in group 1 [6%] and 1 in group 2 [4.8%]) required balloon dilation/stenting for scimitar drainage stenosis. The surgical treatment of this rare syndrome is safe and effective. The majority of patients were asymptomatic at the follow-up control. There were a relatively high incidence of residual scimitar drainage stenosis that is similar between the 2 reported corrective surgical techniques used.
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              Anesthetic management of children with pulmonary arterial hypertension.

              Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is associated with significant perioperative risk for major complications, including pulmonary hypertensive crisis and cardiac arrest. Several mechanisms of hemodynamic deterioration, including acute increases in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), alterations of ventricular contractility and function and coronary hypoperfusion can contribute to morbidity. Anesthetic drugs exert a variety of effects on PVR, some of which are beneficial and some undesirable. The goals of balanced and cautious anesthetic management are to provide adequate anesthesia and analgesia for the surgical procedure while minimizing increases in PVR and depression of myocardial function. The development of specific pulmonary vasodilators has led to significant advances in medical therapy of PAH that can be incorporated in anesthetic management. It is important that anesthesiologists caring for children with PAH be aware of the increased risk, understand the pathophysiology of PAH, form an appropriate anesthetic management plan and be prepared to treat a pulmonary hypertensive crisis.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rca
                Colombian Journal of Anestesiology
                Rev. colomb. anestesiol.
                SCARE-Sociedad Colombiana de Anestesiología y Reanimación (Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia )
                0120-3347
                2256-2087
                July 2015
                : 43
                : 3
                : 245-249
                Affiliations
                [02] Bogotá orgnameHospital Universitario de La Samaritana orgdiv1Anesthesiologist Colombia
                [03] Bogotá orgnameInstituto de Ortopedia Infantil Roosevelt orgdiv1Anesthesiologist Colombia
                [01] Bogotá orgnameHospital Militar Central orgdiv1Anesthesiologist Colombia
                Article
                S0120-33472015000300013 S0120-3347(15)04300313
                9225a4bd-c4a6-4c3e-8e91-7789c8405815

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 02 March 2015
                : 15 July 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 18, Pages: 5
                Product

                SciELO Colombia

                Categories
                Case Report

                Hipertensión pulmonar,Neumonía,Intubación,Niño,Anestesia,Hypertension,Pulmonary,Pneumonia,Intubation,Child,Anesthesia

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