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      Prevalence and morphological and molecular characteristics of Sarcocystis bertrami in horses in China Translated title: Prévalence et caractéristiques morphologiques et moléculaires de Sarcocystis bertrami chez les chevaux en Chine

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      1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 2 , * , 3 , 4
      Parasite
      EDP Sciences
      Horse, Sarcocystis bertrami, Prevalence, Systematics, Morphology

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          Abstract

          Three cyst-forming Sarcocystis species have been identified in horsemeat; however, there exists considerable confusion concerning their relationships. Here, 74% (34/46) of the examined tissue samples from horses contained sarcocysts based on examination by light microscopy (LM), and the organism was identified as Sarcocystis bertrami based on cyst structure. The S. bertrami cysts were microscopic (up to 6750 μm in length) and exhibited a striated wall with 2.0–5.1 μm villar protrusions (vps) under LM. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations showed that the vps were tightly packed, similar to “type 11c”. Four genetic markers (18S, 28S, ITS1 and the mitochondrial cox1 gene) of S. bertrami were sequenced and analyzed. The 28S and ITS1 sequences are the first records for Sarcocystis in horses. The newly obtained sequences of the 18S and cox1 genes both shared the highest similarities with those of S. bertrami and S. fayeri obtained from horses. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 18S, 28S and cox1 sequences revealed that S. bertrami and S. fayeri formed an independent clade within a group comprising Sarcocystis spp. from ruminants and pigs. Therefore, S. bertrami and S. fayeri are considered to represent the same species of Sarcocystis in horses, and S. fayeri is a junior synonym of Sarcocystis bertrami.

          Translated abstract

          Trois espèces de Sarcocystis formant des kystes ont été identifiées dans la viande de cheval, mais il existe une confusion considérable concernant leurs relations. Ici, 74 % (34/46) des échantillons de tissus examinés provenant de chevaux contenaient des sarcocystes selon l’examen par microscopie optique (LM), et l’organisme a été identifié comme Sarcocystis bertrami selon la structure du kyste. Les kystes de S. bertrami étaient microscopiques (jusqu’à 6 750 μm de longueur) et présentaient une paroi striée avec des saillies villaires (vp) de 2,0 à 5,1 μm sous LM. Les observations en microscopie électronique à transmission ont montré que les vp étaient très serrées, similaires au « type 11c ». Quatre marqueurs génétiques (18S, 28S, ITS1 et le gène mitochondrial cox1) de S. bertrami ont été séquencés et analysés. Les séquences de 28S et ITS1 sont les premières de Sarcocystis chez les chevaux. Les séquences nouvellement obtenues de 18S et des gènes mitochondriaux cox1 partagent les similitudes les plus élevées avec celles de S. bertrami et S. fayeri obtenues à partir de chevaux. Une analyse phylogénétique basée sur les séquences de 18S, 28S et cox1 a révélé que S. bertrami et S. fayeri formaient un clade indépendant au sein d’un groupe comprenant les Sarcocystis spp. des ruminants et des porcs. Par conséquent, S. bertrami et S. fayeri sont considérés comme représentant la même espèce de Sarcocystis chez les chevaux, et S. fayeri est un synonyme plus récent de Sarcocystis bertrami.

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          Most cited references17

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          Sarcocystis species in red deer revisited: with a re-description of two known species as Sarcocystis elongata n. sp. and Sarcocystis truncata n. sp. based on mitochondrial cox1 sequences.

          In a previous investigation, five Sarcocystis species were described from Norwegian red deer and believed to be conspecific with species occurring in either reindeer or moose based on sarcocyst morphology and nucleotide sequences of the nuclear ribosomal DNA unit. The aim of the present study was to characterize numerous isolates of these sarcocyst types at the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (cox1) in order to corroborate or refute previous species designations of Sarcocystis in red deer. The Sarcocystis tarandi- and Sarcocystis rangiferi-like taxa in red deer and reindeer, respectively, were thoroughly compared by sequencing 14-27 isolates of each type. Sequence comparisons revealed four distinct sequence types, which by phylogenetic analyses were placed in four monophyletic groups according to host origin, and they were therefore considered to represent four separate species. The two taxa of this type in red deer were named Sarcocystis elongata and Sarcocystis truncata, respectively. Sequencing of many isolates of Sarcocystis hjorti and Sarcocystis ovalis from red deer and moose confirmed that these species occur in both hosts. A revised description of the two new species is given and the current knowledge concerning all six Sarcocystis species in red deer is reviewed.
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            Molecular characterisation of Sarcocystis rileyi from a common eider (Somateria mollissima) in Norway.

            The breast and leg muscles of a common eider (Somateria mollissima; Anatidae: Anseriformes) from northern Norway contained numerous grossly visible cigar-shaped sarcocysts measuring about 5 × 1 mm. Light microscopic examination of isolated sarcocysts revealed that they were encapsulated by a thin fibrous layer, underneath which there was a thin and fairly smooth cyst wall with no visible protrusions. The cystozoites were straight, spindle-shaped and about 13 μm long. Genomic DNA was extracted from 12 excised sarcocysts and each DNA isolate was subjected to PCR amplification of one to four loci: the 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA genes (four isolates), the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region (six isolates) and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1) (12 isolates). At the three nuclear loci, the new sequences showed 99.9-100% sequence identity with previous sequences of Sarcocystis rileyi from the mallard duck in Lithuania and USA, and they could therefore be assigned to this species. At cox1, the new sequences of S. rileyi were most similar to Sarcocystis arctica and Sarcocystis neurona, but the most closely related Sarcocystis spp. in birds have not been sequenced at this locus. There was no sequence variation at any locus between the 4-12 examined isolates of S. rileyi. This is the first genetically verified record of S. rileyi in the common eider, as well as in any bird species in Norway. The phylogenetic placement of S. rileyi was inferred separately from 28S rRNA gene and cox1 sequences, and similar results were obtained in both analyses.
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              Sarcocystis neurona n. sp. (Protozoa: Apicomplexa), the etiologic agent of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis.

              Sarcocystis neuronan n. sp. is proposed for the apicomplexan taxon associated with myeloencephalitis in horses. Only asexual stages of this parasite presently are known, and they are found within neuronal cells and leukocytes of the brain and spinal cord. The parasite is located in the host cell cytoplasm, does not have a parasitophorous vacuole, and divides by endopolygeny. Schizonts are 5-35 microns x 5-20 microns and contain 4-40 merozoites arranged in a rosette around a prominent residual body. Merozoites are approximately 4 x 1 micron, have a central nucleus, and lack rhoptries. Schizonts and merozoites react with Sarcocystis cruzi antiserum but not with Caryospora bigenetica. Toxoplasma gondii, Hammondia hammondi, or Neospora caninum antisera in an immunohistochemical test.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Parasite
                Parasite
                parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1252-607X
                1776-1042
                2020
                07 January 2020
                : 27
                : ( publisher-idID: parasite/2020/01 )
                : 1
                Affiliations
                [1 ] School of Biological Sciences, Yunnan University Kunming 650091 PR China
                [2 ] Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science Yezin Nay Pyi Taw 05282 Myanmar
                [3 ] College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 PR China
                [4 ] Electron Microscope Laboratory, Kunming Medical University Kunming 650500 PR China
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: jjhu@ 123456ynu.edu.cn
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3729-735X
                Article
                parasite190089 10.1051/parasite/2019078
                10.1051/parasite/2019078
                6945750
                31908266
                92dc0774-2b6f-45cc-937c-f3263f98c6de
                © C.-L. Ma et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2020

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 10 July 2019
                : 20 December 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 23, Pages: 7
                Categories
                Research Article

                horse,sarcocystis bertrami,prevalence,systematics,morphology

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