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      C60-based ebselen derivative: synthesis by bingel cyclopropanation and enhanced antioxidative and neuroprotective activity

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          Abstract

          C60-based ebselen derivative 3 was synthesized through Bingel cyclopropanation of C60 with the ebselen malonate 2. Compound 3 was obtained in 42% yield (based on consumed C60) in a three-step synthesis starting from 2-(chloroseleno)benzoyl chloride and 2-(2aminoethoxy)ethanol. Its structure was confirmed by ¹H NMR, 13C NMR, IR, UV and FAB-MS spectroscopy analyses. In order to verify the enhanced antioxidative and neuroprotective activity of 3, a C60 derivative (4), an ebselen derivative (2), and their mixture (4 plus 2 in equimolar ratio) were employed to treat cortical neuronal cells, following the same procedure used with 3 and at the same final concentration (30 µmol L-1). Cell viabilities of the four treated groups were estimated by LDH (lactic dehydrogenase) leakage and MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) assays. Results showed that the antioxidative and protective activities of C60-based ebselen derivative 3 against H2O2-mediated neuronal injury (MTT(OD) 0.364 ± 0.028; LDH release (UL-1) 4.66 ± 0.28) were significantly higher than those of C60 derivative 4 (MTT(OD) 0.324 ± 0.025; LDH release (UL-1) 5.39 ± 0.17), ebselen derivative 2 (MTT(OD) 0.294 ± 0.021; LDH release (UL-1) 5.71 ± 0.27), and the mixture of 4 and 2 (MTT(OD) 0.310 ± 0.018; LDH release (UL-1) 5.54 ± 0.39). These findings demonstrated that the combination of two molecular units with similar biological activities (C60 and ebselen) may be a desirable way of obtaining new and more biologically effective C60-based compounds.

          Translated abstract

          Um derivado de ebselen baseado em C60, 3, foi sintetizado pela reação de ciclopropanação de Bingel envolvendo C60 e manolato de ebselen, 2. O produto foi sintetizado em três etapas, partindo de cloreto de 2-cloro-selenobenzoila e 2-(2-aminoetoxietanol), com rendimento de 42% (baseado no consumo de C60). O composto 3 foi caracterizado estruturalmente por análises espectroscópicas de RMN de ¹H e de 13C, IV, UV e FAB-MS. Com o objetivo de verificar um possível aumento na atividade antioxidante e neuroprotetora do derivado 3, um derivado de C60 (4), um derivado de ebselen (2) e sua mistura (4 + 2 em razão equimolar) foram selecionados para o tratamento de células neurais pelo mesmo procedimento adotado para 3 e na mesma concentração final (30 µmol L-1). As viabilidades celulares dos quatro grupos de tratamento foram estimadas por ensaios de LDH (desidrogenase láctica) e MTT (brometo de 3-[4,5dimetil-tiazol-2-il]-2,5-difenil-tetrazólio). Os resultados mostraram que a atividade antioxidante e neuroprotetora de 3 frente à lesão neural mediada por H2O2 (MTT(OD) 0,364 ± 0,028; LDH liberado (UL-1) 4,66 ± 0,28) foi significativamente mais alta que a do derivado de C60 4 (MTT(OD) 0,324 ± 0,025; LDH liberado (UL-1) 5,39 ± 0,17), do derivado de ebselen 2 (MTT(OD) 0,294 ± 0,021; LDH liberado (UL-1) 5,71 ± 0,27), e da sua mistura (4 + 2) (MTT(OD) 0,310 ± 0,018; LDH liberado (UL-1) 5,54 ± 0,39). Esses resultados mostram que a combinação de dois componentes moleculares com atividades biológicas similares (C60 e ebselen) pode ser uma forma desejável de preparação de novos compostos biologicamente efetivos derivados de C60.

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          Most cited references49

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          Kinetics of the receptor current in bullfrog saccular hair cells.

          The receptor current of hair cells from the bullfrog's sacculus was measured by voltage clamp recording across the isolated sensory epithelium. Several hundred hair cells were stimulated en masse by moving the overlying otolithic membrane with a piezoelectrically activated probe. As measured by optical recording of otolithic membrane motion, the step displacement stimuli reached their final amplitudes of up to 1 micrometer within 100 microseconds. The relationship between displacement and steady-state receptor current is an asymmetric, sigmoidal curve about 0.5 micrometer in extent. The time constant of the approach to steady state depends upon the magnitude of the hair bundle displacement and ranges from 100 to 500 microseconds at 4 degrees C; the time course is faster with larger displacements or at higher temperatures. Both the displacement-response curve and the kinetics of the response are changed by alterations in the Ca2+ concentration at the apical surface of the cells. The characteristics of the response are not consistent with simple models for the transduction process that involve enzymatic regulation of channel proteins or diffusible second messengers. Mechanical stimulation is instead posited to act directly by altering the free energy difference between the open and closed forms of the transduction channel, thereby inducing a redistribution between these states. The dependences of the response kinetics on displacement and on temperature suggest that the thermal interconversion between open and closed transduction channels is limited by an enthalpy of activation of about 12 kcal/mol.
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            Photochemical deposition of cobalt-based oxygen evolving catalyst on a semiconductor photoanode for solar oxygen production.

            This study describes the photochemical deposition of Co-based oxygen evolution catalysts on a semiconductor photoanode for use in solar oxygen evolution. In the photodeposition process, electron-hole pairs are generated in a semiconductor upon illumination and the photogenerated holes are used to oxidize Co(2+) ions to Co(3+) ions, resulting in the precipitation of Co(3+)-based catalysts on the semiconductor surface. Both photodeposition of the catalyst and solar O(2) evolution are photo-oxidation reactions using the photogenerated holes. Therefore, photodeposition provides an efficient way to couple oxygen evolution catalysts with photoanodes by naturally placing catalysts at the locations where the holes are most readily available for solar O(2) evolution. In this study Co-based catalysts were photochemically deposited as 10-30 nm nanoparticles on the ZnO surface. The comparison of the photocurrent-voltage characteristics of the ZnO electrodes with and without the presence of the Co-based catalyst demonstrated that the catalyst generally enhanced the anodic photocurrent of the ZnO electrode with its effect more pronounced when the band bending is less significant. The presence of Co-based catalyst on the ZnO photoanode also shifted the onset potential of the photocurrent by 0.23 V to the negative direction, closer to the flat band potential. These results demonstrated that the cobalt-based catalyst can efficiently use the photogenerated holes in ZnO to enhance solar O(2) evolution. The photodeposition method described in this study can be used as a general route to deposit the Co-based catalysts on any semiconductor electrode with a valence band edge located at a more positive potential than the oxidation potential of Co(2+) ions.
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              A dominant role of acid pH in inflammatory excitation and sensitization of nociceptors in rat skin, in vitro.

              A major role of local acidosis in long lasting excitation and sensitization of cutaneous nociceptors has recently been demonstrated. In inflamed tissue, acid pH meets with a mixture of inflammatory mediators which, by themselves, stimulate nociceptors though being subject to profound tachyphylaxis. We have mimicked this condition in a rat skin-saphenous nerve preparation in vitro which allows direct application of chemicals to the isolated receptive fields at the corium side. Stimulant solutions used were CO2-saturated "synthetic interstitial fluid" (CO2-SIF, pH 6.1), and "inflammatory soup" (IS) in submaximal concentration containing bradykinin, 5-HT, histamine, prostaglandin E2 (all 10(-6) M in SIF at 38.5 degrees C and pH 7.0), and a combination made of CO2-saturated IS (CO2-IS, pH 6.1). Identified mechano-heat sensitive ("polymodal") C-fiber terminals (n = 36) were treated with these solutions for 5 min at 10 min intervals or for 30 min of sustained stimulation: 20 units responded to CO2-SIF, 12 to IS, whereas 27 units (75%) were excited by CO2-IS. Thus, 6 out of 15 units insensitive to either of the two basic solutions were stimulated by their combination. This enhanced effect of CO2-IS was also expressed in shorter latencies (than with CO2-SIF) and in a significantly larger mean response magnitude of the fiber population: 152 spikes with the combination versus 45 spikes evoked by IS and 93 spikes by CO2-SIF (n = 25; p < 0.002 and < 0.02, respectively, Wilcoxon test).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                jbchs
                Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society
                J. Braz. Chem. Soc.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Química (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                0103-5053
                1678-4790
                2007
                : 18
                : 7
                : 1322-1328
                Affiliations
                [01] Wuhan orgnameHubei University orgdiv1Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules China
                [02] Wuhan orgnameHuaZhong University of Science and Technology orgdiv1Department of Chemistry China
                [03] Wuhan orgnameHubei University orgdiv1College of Life Science China
                Article
                S0103-50532007000700005 S0103-5053(07)01800705
                10.1590/S0103-50532007000700005
                92e02886-6736-4c43-8f56-a579e30ca81b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 31 October 2007
                : 08 October 2006
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 36, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Articles

                Bingel cyclopropanation,cell viability,neuroprotective activity,ebselen derivative,fullerene

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