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      Behavioral Profiles of Affected and Unaffected Siblings of Children with Autism: Contribution of Measures of Mother–Infant Interaction and Nonverbal Communication

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          Abstract

          We investigated whether deficits in social gaze and affect and in joint attention behaviors are evident within the first year of life among siblings of children with autism who go on to be diagnosed with autism or ASD (ASD) and siblings who are non-diagnosed (NoASD-sib) compared to low-risk controls. The ASD group did not differ from the other two groups at 6 months of age in the frequency of gaze, smiles, and vocalizations directed toward the caregiver, nor in their sensitivity to her withdrawal from interaction. However, by 12 months, infants in the ASD group exhibited lower rates of joint attention and requesting behaviors. In contrast, NoASD-sibs did not differ from comparison infants on any variables of interest at 6 and 12 months.

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          Understanding and sharing intentions: the origins of cultural cognition.

          Michael Tomasello, Malinda Carpenter, Josep Call … (2005)
          We propose that the crucial difference between human cognition and that of other species is the ability to participate with others in collaborative activities with shared goals and intentions: shared intentionality. Participation in such activities requires not only especially powerful forms of intention reading and cultural learning, but also a unique motivation to share psychological states with others and unique forms of cognitive representation for doing so. The result of participating in these activities is species-unique forms of cultural cognition and evolution, enabling everything from the creation and use of linguistic symbols to the construction of social norms and individual beliefs to the establishment of social institutions. In support of this proposal we argue and present evidence that great apes (and some children with autism) understand the basics of intentional action, but they still do not participate in activities involving joint intentions and attention (shared intentionality). Human children's skills of shared intentionality develop gradually during the first 14 months of life as two ontogenetic pathways intertwine: (1) the general ape line of understanding others as animate, goal-directed, and intentional agents; and (2) a species-unique motivation to share emotions, experience, and activities with other persons. The developmental outcome is children's ability to construct dialogic cognitive representations, which enable them to participate in earnest in the collectivity that is human cognition.
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            Early social attention impairments in autism: social orienting, joint attention, and attention to distress.

            Geraldine Dawson, Karen Toth, Robert Abbott … (2004)
            This study investigated social attention impairments in autism (social orienting, joint attention, and attention to another's distress) and their relations to language ability. Three- to four-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; n = 72), 3- to 4-year-old developmentally delayed children (n = 34), and 12- to 46-month-old typically developing children (n = 39), matched on mental age, were compared on measures of social orienting, joint attention, and attention to another's distress. Children with autism performed significantly worse than the comparison groups in all of these domains. Combined impairments in joint attention and social orienting were found to best distinguish young children with ASD from those without ASD. Structural equation modeling indicated that joint attention was the best predictor of concurrent language ability. Social orienting and attention to distress were indirectly related to language through their relations with joint attention. These results help to clarify the nature of social attention impairments in autism, offer clues to developmental mechanisms, and suggest targets for early intervention. ((c) 2004 APA, all rights reserved)
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              Neuroanatomic observations of the brain in autism: a review and future directions.

              Margaret L Bauman, Thomas L Kemper (2005)
              Infantile autism is a behaviorally defined disorder associated with characteristic cognitive, language and behavioral features. Several postmortem studies have highlighted areas of anatomic abnormality in the autistic brain. Consistent findings have been observed in the limbic system, cerebellum and related inferior olive. In the limbic system, the hippocampus, amygdala and entorhinal cortex have shown small cell size and increased cell packing density at all ages, suggesting a pattern consistent with development curtailment. Findings in the cerebellum have included significantly reduced numbers of Purkinje cells, primarily in the posterior inferior regions of the hemispheres. A different pattern of change has been noted in the vertical limb of the diagonal band of broca, cerebellar nuclei and inferior olive with plentiful and abnormally enlarged neurons in the brains of young autistic subjects, and in adult autistic brains, small, pale neurons that are reduced in number. These findings combined with reported age-related changes in brain weight and volume, have raised the possibility that the neuropathology of autism may represent an on-going process.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                : agata@gatech.edu
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Autism Dev Disord
                Title: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
                Publisher: Springer US (Boston )
                ISSN (Print): 0162-3257
                ISSN (Electronic): 1573-3432
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 June 2010
                Publication date PMC-release: 22 June 2010
                Publication date (Print): March 2011
                Volume: 41
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 287-301
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
                [2 ]M.I.N.D. Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA USA
                [3 ]School of Interactive Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, 85 5th Street NW, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1051
                DOI: 10.1007/s10803-010-1051-6
                PMC ID: 3044086
                PubMed ID: 20568002
                SO-VID: 936ce189-0508-4bdd-8da9-3c4b798ae52e
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2010
                History
                Categories
                Subject: Original Paper
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurology
                Keywords: early identification,mother–infant interaction,broader autism phenotype,still face procedure,autism,nonverbal communication
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurology
                Keywords: early identification, mother–infant interaction, broader autism phenotype, still face procedure, autism, nonverbal communication

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