Development and Evaluation of a Parenting Resilience Elements Questionnaire (PREQ) Measuring Resiliency in Rearing Children with Developmental Disorders

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Abstract

We developed a parenting resilience elements questionnaire (PREQ) measuring the degree to which mothers possess elements that aid in adapting to challenges and difficulties related to children with developmental disorders (DD). A total of 424 parents of children with DD were recruited from five medical institutes. Psychometric properties of PREQ were evaluated using data of 363 mothers of children with DD. Furthermore, multiple regression analysis was performed, predicting depressive symptoms and parenting behavior with PREQ subscales, a general health questionnaire, and the total difficulties score of a strength and difficulties questionnaire. Factor analysis revealed three reliable factors: “knowledge of the child’s characteristics,” “perceived social supports,” and “positive perceptions of parenting.” Moreover, multiple regression analysis showed that “knowledge of the child’s characteristics” was associated with parenting behavior, whereas “perceived social supports” predicted depressive symptoms; “positive perceptions of parenting” influenced both parenting behavior and depressive symptoms. These findings indicated that the PREQ may be used as a scale measuring resiliency in mothers of children with DD and is useful for evaluating their parenting ability in clinical interventions.

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Most cited references 18

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Scale properties of the Japanese version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ): a study of infant and school children in community samples.

Toyojiro Matsuishi, Miki Nagano, Yuko Araki … (2008)

The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is a short screening instrument which addresses the positive and negative behavioral attributes of infants, children and adolescents. The SDQ is widely used to evaluate child developmental disabilities, psychological and psychiatric conditions or disorders in Japan. However, we did not have normative data for the Japanese version until now. To establish the community-based data and properties for the Japanese version, we collected and evaluated parent ratings of a total of 2899 Japanese children aged 4-12 years, including 1463 boys and 1436 girls. Statistical evaluation of psychometric properties included a factor analysis verifying the proposed scale structure, an assessment of scale homogeneities, and the determination of age, gender and relationship of each difficulties scale, or prosocial scale. The total difficulties score in boys (8.70 +/- 5.03) was higher than in girls (7.86 +/- 4.88). Based on the distributions of SDQ scores observed in the Japanese community sample, recommended bandings identifying normal, borderline, and abnormal (clinical ranges) were defined for each scale, and some gender difference was found in some difficulties and prosocial SDQ scores. After evaluating parent ratings obtained in a community-based sample, the Japanese SDQ was shown to possess favorable psychometric properties. Thus, the Japanese translation of this popular and versatile instrument seems to be approximately as reliable and useful as the original English questionnaire.

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Is there a universal need for positive self-regard?

Constance Lehman, Anouk Heine, S Kitayama … (1999)

It is assumed that people seek positive self-regard; that is, they are motivated to possess, enhance, and maintain positive self-views. The cross-cultural generalizability of such motivations was addressed by examining Japanese culture. Anthropological, sociological, and psychological analyses revealed that many elements of Japanese culture are incongruent with such motivations. Moreover, the empirical literature provides scant evidence for a need for positive self-regard among Japanese and indicates that a self-critical focus is more characteristic of Japanese. It is argued that the need for self-regard must be culturally variant because the constructions of self and regard themselves differ across cultures. The need for positive self-regard, as it is currently conceptualized, is not a universal, but rather is rooted in significant aspects of North American culture. Conventional interpretations of positive self-regard are too narrow to encompass the Japanese experience.

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Meta-analysis of comparative studies of depression in mothers of children with and without developmental disabilities.

George Singer (2006)

Meta-analysis was used to synthesize findings from comparative studies of depression in mothers of children with and without developmental disabilities. Effect sizes were determined for 18 studies conducted between 1984 and 2003. A weighted effect size of .39 indicated an elevated level of depression in mothers of children with developmental disabilities. Planned comparisons found that age of child and disability category moderated effect sizes. Results show that mothers of children with developmental disabilities are at elevated risk of depression compared to mothers of typically developing children. Depression in mothers of children with developmental disabilities is a condition that is presently not being addressed on a wide scale, although promising interventions are available.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Katsuaki Suzuki: Role: Editor

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE

Journal ID (publisher-id): plos

Journal ID (pmc): plosone

Title: PLoS ONE

Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )

ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203

Publication date (Electronic): 3 December 2015

Publication date Collection: 2015

Volume: 10

Issue: 12

Electronic Location Identifier: e0143946

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan

[2 ]Department of Pediatrics, NTT Medical Center Tokyo, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan

[3 ]Tokyo Metropolitan Medical Center EAST for children/adults with developmental disabilities, Koto, Tokyo, Japan

[4 ]Hiratani Child Development Clinic, Fukui, Fukui, Japan

[5 ]Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Kohnodai Hospital, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan

[6 ]Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan

Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, JAPAN

Author notes

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Conceived and designed the experiments: KS TK KM MK MH KW YY MI. Performed the experiments: KS TK KM MK MH KW YY MI. Analyzed the data: KS TK KM MK MI. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: KS TK KM MK MH KW YY MI. Wrote the paper: KS TK KM MK MH KW YY MI.

* E-mail: kt.suzuki@ 123456ncnp.go.jp

Article

Publisher ID: PONE-D-15-10437

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143946

PMC ID: 4669138

PubMed ID: 26633810

SO-VID: 9744eb89-8ac8-48d7-880e-15b4dffd676d

License:

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

History

Date received : 11 March 2015

Date accepted : 11 November 2015

Page count

Figures: 0, Tables: 6, Pages: 12

Funding

This work was supported by a Health and Labour Sciences Research Grant for Comprehensive Research on Disability Health and Welfare (H24 - SHINTAI/CHITEKI – IPPAN - 007) from the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, and Grant-in Aids for Young Scientists (15K20756) by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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Development and Evaluation of a Parenting Resilience Elements Questionnaire (PREQ) Measuring Resiliency in Rearing Children with Developmental Disorders

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Most cited references 18

Scale properties of the Japanese version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ): a study of infant and school children in community samples.

Is there a universal need for positive self-regard?

Meta-analysis of comparative studies of depression in mothers of children with and without developmental disabilities.

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