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      Yellow sea mediated segregation between North East Asian Dryophytes species

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          Abstract

          While comparatively few amphibian species have been described on the North East Asian mainland in the last decades, several species have been the subject of taxonomical debates in relation to the Yellow sea. Here, we sampled Dryophytes sp. treefrogs from the Republic of Korea, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and the People’s Republic of China to clarify the status of this clade around the Yellow sea and determine the impact of sea level change on treefrogs’ phylogenetic relationships. Based on genetics, call properties, adult morphology, tadpole morphology and niche modelling, we determined the segregated status species of D. suweonensis and D. immaculatus. We then proceeded to describe a new treefrog species, D. flaviventris sp. nov., from the central lowlands of the Republic of Korea. The new species is geographically segregated from D. suweonensis by the Chilgap mountain range and known to occur only in the area of Buyeo, Nonsan and Iksan in the Republic of Korea. While the Yellow sea is the principal element to the current isolation of the three clades, the paleorivers of the Yellow sea basin are likely to have been the major factor for the divergences within this clade. We recommend conducting rapid conservation assessments as these species are present on very narrow and declining ranges.

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          Phenotypic plasticity's impacts on diversification and speciation.

          Phenotypic plasticity (the ability of a single genotype to produce multiple phenotypes in response to variation in the environment) is commonplace. Yet its evolutionary significance remains controversial, especially in regard to whether and how it impacts diversification and speciation. Here, we review recent theory on how plasticity promotes: (i) the origin of novel phenotypes, (ii) divergence among populations and species, (iii) the formation of new species and (iv) adaptive radiation. We also discuss the latest empirical support for each of these evolutionary pathways to diversification and identify potentially profitable areas for future research. Generally, phenotypic plasticity can play a largely underappreciated role in driving diversification and speciation. Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Some genetic consequences of ice ages, and their role in divergence and speciation

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              Abrupt climate change.

              Large, abrupt, and widespread climate changes with major impacts have occurred repeatedly in the past, when the Earth system was forced across thresholds. Although abrupt climate changes can occur for many reasons, it is conceivable that human forcing of climate change is increasing the probability of large, abrupt events. Were such an event to recur, the economic and ecological impacts could be large and potentially serious. Unpredictability exhibited near climate thresholds in simple models shows that some uncertainty will always be associated with projections. In light of these uncertainties, policy-makers should consider expanding research into abrupt climate change, improving monitoring systems, and taking actions designed to enhance the adaptability and resilience of ecosystems and economies.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                24 June 2020
                2020
                : 15
                : 6
                : e0234299
                Affiliations
                [1 ] College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
                [2 ] Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
                [3 ] Department of Life Science and Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
                [4 ] Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
                [5 ] National Institute for Biological Resources, Animal Resources Division, Incheon, Republic of Korea
                [6 ] Department of International Economic Cooperation, Ministry of Land and Environment Protection, Pyongyang, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
                [7 ] Institute of Zoology, State Academy of Science, Daesong-dong, Daesong District, Pyongyang, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
                [8 ] Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
                [9 ] Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
                National Taiwan Normal University, TAIWAN
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1093-677X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5363-7393
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3894-7553
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7328-2577
                Article
                PONE-D-19-29311
                10.1371/journal.pone.0234299
                7314424
                32579561
                97b4af71-fb08-4ba7-bb7b-a6bb101f815f
                © 2020 Borzée et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 18 October 2019
                : 21 May 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 10, Tables: 8, Pages: 34
                Funding
                Funded by: National Research Foundation of Korea
                Award ID: 2017R1A2B2003579
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: National Institute of Biological Resources
                Award ID: NIBR201803101
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: The Biodiversity Foundation
                Award ID: Conservation Research grant
                Award Recipient :
                This work was supported by a Conservation Research grant from The Biodiversity Foundation to AB, a research grant from the National Research Foundation of Korea (2017R1A2B2003579) to YJ, and by a grant from the National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR), funded by the Ministry of Environment (MOE) of the Republic of Korea (NIBR201803101) to MSM and TK.
                Categories
                Research Article
                People and places
                Geographical locations
                Asia
                South Korea
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Developmental Biology
                Life Cycles
                Tadpoles
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Taxonomy
                New Species Reports
                Computer and Information Sciences
                Data Management
                Taxonomy
                New Species Reports
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Vertebrates
                Amphibians
                Frogs
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Mathematical and Statistical Techniques
                Statistical Methods
                Multivariate Analysis
                Principal Component Analysis
                Physical Sciences
                Mathematics
                Statistics
                Statistical Methods
                Multivariate Analysis
                Principal Component Analysis
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Body Limbs
                Legs
                Feet
                Toes
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Body Limbs
                Legs
                Feet
                Toes
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Evolutionary Biology
                Evolutionary Systematics
                Phylogenetics
                Phylogenetic Analysis
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Taxonomy
                Evolutionary Systematics
                Phylogenetics
                Phylogenetic Analysis
                Computer and Information Sciences
                Data Management
                Taxonomy
                Evolutionary Systematics
                Phylogenetics
                Phylogenetic Analysis
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Genetics
                Custom metadata
                All relevant geographic data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files. Genetic data was submitted to the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) under the accession number PRJEB36680 ( https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/data/view/PRJEB36680)

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                Uncategorized

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