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      LA INFLUENCIA DE LOS PROCESOS CONTROLADOS EN EL RAZONAMIENTO CON TEORÍA DE LA MENTE (TOM) EN NIÑOS CON Y SIN DISCAPACIDAD INTELECTUAL Translated title: THE INFLUENCE OF CONTROLLED PROCESSES REASONING WITH THEORY OF MIND (TOM) IN CHILDREN WITH AND WITHOUT INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES

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          Abstract

          Resumen La capacidad o mecanismo tácito de atribuir estados mentales a los otros y a uno mismo, con el objeto de anticipar, comprender y predecir la conducta, es conocida como Teoría de la Mente (ToM). Parte de la discusión se centra en comprender si este razonamiento es un proceso independiente o subordinado a los procesos ejecutivos de control consciente. En esta investigación se analiza el efecto de las funciones ejecutivas de control consciente en tareas de razonamiento con ToM, en niños con y sin discapacidad intelectual. La muestra la constituyen 30 niños con discapacidad intelectual y 20 niños sin discapacidad intelectual. Se hipotetizó que la habilidad para responder las preguntas de control, una operacionalización de las funciones ejecutivas de control consciente, se asocia más a las tareas de segundo orden que a las de primer orden, ya que estas requieren mayor carga representacional. Los resultados obtenidos, sugieren que los procesos de control consciente no sólo se asocian a las tareas que requieren una mayor carga representacional, sino a todas las tareas que requieren razonar con estados mentales, sean ellos de primer o segundo orden.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract The ability to attribute mental states to others and oneself, to anticipate, understand and predict behavior is known as Theory of Mind (ToM). Part of the current discussion focuses on understanding whether this reasoning is a separate process or subordinate to the executive process of conscious control. We analyze the effect of executive functions of conscious control on reasoning tasks with ToM, in children with and without intellectual disabilities. The sample included 30 children with intellectual disabilities and 20 children without intellectual disabilities. We hypothesize that the ability to answer the questions of control, an operational definition of the executive functions of conscious control, is most often associated with the tasks of second order to first order, because the second order task requiring increased representational capability. The results suggest that the processes of conscious control are not only associated with tasks requiring a higher representational, but to all the tasks that require reasoning with mental states, be they first or second order.

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          Most cited references48

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          Intentional systems in cognitive ethology: The “Panglossian paradigm” defended

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            The infant's theory of self-propelled objects.

            "Theory of mind" is treated as a modular component of human social behavior and an attempt is made to find the origins of this component in the perception of the infant. According to the theory I describe here, the infant assigns a high priority to changes in motion and divides the world into two kinds of objects on the basis of this criterion: those that are and those that are not self-propelled. How the infant perceives these two kinds of objects is described by four basic assumptions. First, when the state of motion of a nonself-propelled object is changed by another object, the infant's principal hard-wired perception is causality; when a self-propelled object changes its motion without assistance from another object the infant's principal hard-wired perception is intention. Second, if two self-propelled objects are related in a special way--a relation called the BDR sequence--the infant perceives not only intentional movement but also one object as having the goal of affecting the other object. Third, the BDR sequence has a more powerful consequence: the infant perceives that the affected object intends to reciprocate. Fourth, the infant expects that reciprocation will preserve valence (not form), where valence is formulated either as the preservation/denial of liberty, or as an aesthetic response.
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              Meta-analyses comparing theory of mind abilities of individuals with autism, individuals with mental retardation, and normally developing individuals.

              A deficit in theory of mind (ToM) abilities has been described as the core deficit in autism. The authors performed 3 meta-analyses, comparing ToM abilities of individuals with autism, individuals with mental retardation (MR), and normally developing individuals. Results indicated that individuals with autism and MR have impaired ToM abilities. The etiology associated with MR (i.e., Down syndrome, undifferentiated etiology) was found to be an important moderator variable. Chronological age (CA) and verbal mental age (VMA) of the normally developing children and CA, VMA, and performance mental age of individuals with MR, and type of matching between the groups were also found to be moderator variables. Discussion focuses on the implication of the findings and emphasizes the need to consider the specific etiology of comparison groups when studying abilities and impairments of individuals with autism and MR.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rlps
                Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología
                rev.latinoam.psicol.
                Fundación Universitaria Konrad Lorenz (Bogotá )
                0120-0534
                August 2009
                : 41
                : 2
                : 197-211
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad de Talca Chile
                [2 ] Universidad Adolfo Ibañez Chile
                Article
                S0120-05342009000200003
                97b6e8b4-b154-4f44-9a46-3149aac22b51

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Colombia

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0120-0534&lng=en
                Categories
                PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                cognition,reasoning,mind,cognición,razonamiento,mente
                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                cognition, reasoning, mind, cognición, razonamiento, mente

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