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      Development of classification criteria for resistance to soybean rust and differences in virulence among Japanese and Brazilian rust populations Translated title: Desenvolvimento de critério de classificação da resistência à ferrugem asiática da soja e diferenças de virulência entre populações do Japão e do Brasil

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          Abstract

          In recent years soybean rust, caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi has become one of the most serious threats to soybean production in Brazil. Breeding lines and varieties have been selected for resistance to soybean rust in Asia. However, differences in virulence between Asian and Brazilian rust populations should be considered in order to select and use resistant resources from Asia. Here, we suggest criteria for distinguishing resistant from susceptible types by the analysis of four resistance characters: frequency of lesions having uredinia, number of uredinia per lesion, frequency of open uredinia, and sporulation level, determined by the utilization of 63 genotypes. Under growth chamber conditions, a set of 13 soybean varieties were exposed to three rust populations-one from Japan and two from Brazil-and evaluated for the resistance characters mentioned above. The Japanese and Brazilian populations clearly differed in virulence, as did the two Brazilian populations. Only two resistance genes, Rpp4 from PI459025 and Rpp5 from Shiranui, commonly conferred resistance on all three rust populations. The number of resistant varieties or resistance genes useful in both countries appears limited. Therefore, a resistant cultivar that is universally effective against soybean rust should be developed by pyramiding some major resistance genes and by introducing horizontal resistance.

          Translated abstract

          Nos últimos anos a ferrugem asiática, causada pelo fungo Phakopsora pachyrhizi tornou-se uma das mais sérias ameaças a produção de soja Brasileira. Linhagens melhoradas e variedades têm sido selecionadas para a resistência à ferrugem da soja na Ásia, entretanto para a seleção e utilização dessas fontes de resistência, diferenças de virulência entre populações Asiáticas e Brasileiras desse fungo devem ser consideradas. Neste trabalho sugerimos um critério para se distinguir resistência de susceptibilidade pela análise de quatro caracteres de resistência: freqüência de lesões contendo urédias, número de urédias por lesão, freqüência de urédias abertas e nível de esporulação determinados pela utilização de 63 genótipos. Sob condições controladas em câmaras de crescimento, treze variedades de soja foram expostas a três populações de fungos - uma população proveniente do Japão e duas populações provenientes do Brasil-e avaliadas quanto aos caracteres de resistência mencionados acima. As populações Brasileiras diferiram entre si claramente quanto a virulência e em relação à população de isolados do Japão. Apenas dois genes de resistência, Rpp4 presente na variedade PI459025 e Rpp5 presente na variedade Shiranui conferiram resistência as três populações da ferrugem. O número de variedades ou genes resistentes úteis em ambos os países parece ser limitado. Assim, um cultivar universalmente efetivo contra a ferrugem da soja deveria ser desenvolvido pela piramidação de genes maiores de resistência e pela introdução de resistência horizontal.

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          An informative linkage map of soybean reveals QTLs for flowering time, leaflet morphology and regions of segregation distortion.

          A genetic linkage map covering a large region of the genome with informative markers is essential for plant genome analysis, including identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs), map-based cloning, and construction of a physical map. We constructed a soybean genetic linkage map using 190 F2 plants derived from a single cross between the soybean varieties Misuzudaizu and Moshidou Gong 503, based on restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and simple-sequence-repeat polymorphisms (SSRPs). This linkage map has 503 markers, including 189 RFLP markers derived from expressed sequence tag (EST) clones, and consists of 20 major linkage groups that may correspond to the 20 pairs of soybean chromosomes, covering 2908.7 cM of the soybean genome in the Kosambi function. Using this linkage map, we identified 4 QTLs--FT1, FT2, FT3, and FT4--for flowering time, the QTLs for the 5 largest principal components determining leaflet shape, 6 QTLs for single leaflet area, and 18 regions of segregation distortion. All 503 analyzed markers identified were located on the map, and almost all phenotypic variations in flowering time were explained by the detected QTLs. These results indicate that this map covers a large region of the soybean genome.
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            Molecular mapping of soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) resistance genes: discovery of a novel locus and alleles.

            Soybean production in South and North America has recently been threatened by the widespread dissemination of soybean rust (SBR) caused by the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Currently, chemical spray containing fungicides is the only effective method to control the disease. This strategy increases production costs and exposes the environment to higher levels of fungicides. As a first step towards the development of SBR resistant cultivars, we studied the genetic basis of SBR resistance in five F2 populations derived from crossing the Brazilian-adapted susceptible cultivar CD 208 to each of five different plant introductions (PI 200487, PI 200526, PI 230970, PI 459025, PI 471904) carrying SBR-resistant genes (Rpp). Molecular mapping of SBR-resistance genes was performed in three of these PIs (PI 459025, PI 200526, PI 471904), and also in two other PIs (PI 200456 and 224270). The strategy mapped two genes present in PI 230970 and PI 459025, the original sources of Rpp2 and Rpp4, to linkage groups (LG) J and G, respectively. A new SBR resistance locus, rpp5 was mapped in the LG-N. Together, the genetic and molecular analysis suggested multiple alleles or closely linked genes that govern SBR resistance in soybean.
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              Epidemics of Soybean Rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) in Brazil and Paraguay from 2001 to 2003

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                tpp
                Tropical Plant Pathology
                Trop. plant pathol.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Fitopatologia (Brasília, DF, Brazil )
                1982-5676
                1983-2052
                June 2010
                : 35
                : 3
                : 153-162
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameJapan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences - JIRCAS Japan
                [04] orgnameNational Institute of Crop Science - NICS Japan
                [02] orgnameUniversity of Tsukuba orgdiv1Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences Japan
                [03] Londrina PR orgnameEmbrapa Soja Brazil
                Article
                S1982-56762010000300003 S1982-5676(10)03500303
                10.1590/S1982-56762010000300003
                97cadc97-e75b-4af2-a62a-6d6fd843715c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 28 May 2010
                : 27 July 2009
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 35, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Articles

                pathogenicity,lesion type,tipo de lesão,variedade resistente,patogenicidade,Phakopsora pachyrhizi,resistant variety

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