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      Une urgence médico-chirurgicale rare: l’abcès épidural rachidien (à propos de 03 cas) Translated title: Rare medico-surgical emergency: spinal epidural abscess (about 3 cases)

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          Abstract

          Les infections de l’espace épidural sont de mieux en mieux connues grâce au développement de la neurochirurgie, notamment l’IRM. Les abcès épiduraux rachidiens représentent une pathologie rare mais éminemment grave sur le plan fonctionnel, avec un risque vital potentiel. Nous rapportons trois cas d’abcès épidural rachidien tous diagnostiqués chez des patients de sexe masculin, le premier âgé de 52 ans le deuxième de 57 ans et le troisième de 63ans. Deux patients ont été admis aux urgences neurochirurgicales pour un tableau de compression médullaire lente évoluant dans un contexte infectieux, et le dernier se plaignait d’une sciatique S1 droite rebelle au traitement avec des fuites urinaires. Aucune porte d’entrée n’a été identifiée dans le bilan initial. Tous les patients ont été opérés par voie d’abord postérieure avec décompression médullaire/radiculaire et évacuation de l’abcès épidural. L’étude bactériologique a trouvé un germe pyogène justifiant une antibiothérapie adaptée dans les trois cas. L’évolution a été favorable dans deux cas. Par contre un patient est décédé trois jours en post-opératoire par un sepsis sévère.

          Translated abstract

          The awareness about infections in the epidural space is increasing thanks to the development of neurosurgery, including MRI. Spinal epidural abscess is a rare pathology but extremely serious from a functional point of view and potentially life threatening. We report three cases of male patients (the first one aged 52 years, the second 57 years and the third 63 years) with diagnosed spinal epidural abscess. Two patients were admitted to the Neurosurgical Emergencies with slow progressive spinal cord compression evolving in the context of infection. The last patient complained of S1 sciatica pain in his right leg resistant to treatment associated with urinary incontinence. Entrance door of the infection wasn’t identified during the initial assessment. All patients underwent spinal cord/radicular decompression surgery and evacuation of the epidural abscess via posterior approach. Bacteriological examination showed pyogenic germ justifying adequate prescription of antibiotic therapy in the three cases. The evolution was favorable in two cases. However one patient died three days after surgery due to severe sepsis.

          Most cited references4

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          Spinal epidural abscess: a meta-analysis of 915 patients.

          Spinal epidural abscess (SEA) was first described in the medical literature in 1761 and represents a severe, generally pyogenic infection of the epidural space requiring emergent neurosurgical intervention to avoid permanent neurologic deficits. Spinal epidural abscess comprises 0.2 to 2 cases per 10,000 hospital admissions. This review intends to offer detailed evaluation and a comprehensive meta-analysis of the international literature on SEA between 1954 and 1997, especially of patients who developed it following anesthetic procedures in the spinal canal. In this period, 915 cases of SEA were published. This review is the most comprehensive literature analysis on SEA to date. Most cases of SEA occur in patients aged 30 to 60 years, but the youngest patient was only 10 days old and the oldest was 87. The ratio of men to women was 1:0.56. The most common risk factor was diabetes mellitus, followed by trauma, intravenous drug abuse, and alcoholism. Epidural anesthesia or analgesia had been performed in 5.5% of the patients with SEA. Skin abscesses and furuncles were the most common source of infection. Of the patients, 71% had back pain as the initial symptom and 66% had fever. The second stage of radicular irritation is followed by the third stage, with beginning neurological deficit including muscle weakness and sphincter incontinence as well as sensory deficits. Paralysis (the fourth stage) affected only 34% of the patients. The average leukocyte count was 15,700/microl (range 1,500-42,000/microl), and the average erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 77 mm in the first hour (range 2-50 mm). Spinal epidural abscess is primarily a bacterial infection, and the gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus is its most common causative agent. This is true also for patients who develop SEA following spinal anesthetics. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) displays the greatest diagnostic accuracy and is the method of first choice in the diagnostic process. Myelography, commonly used previously to diagnose SEA, is no longer recommended. Lumbar puncture to determine cerebrospinal fluid protein concentrations is not needed for diagnosis and entails the risk of spreading bacteria into the subarachnoid space with consequent meningitis; therefore, it should not be performed. The therapeutic method of choice is laminectomy combined with antibiotics. Conservative treatment alone is justifiable only for specific indications. Laminotomy is a therapeutic alternative for children. The mortality of SEA dropped from 34% in the period of 1954-1960 to 15% in 1991-1997. At the beginning of the twentieth century, almost all patients with SEA died. Parallel to improvements in the mortality rate, today more patients experience complete recovery from SEA. The prognosis of patients who develop SEA following epidural anesthesia or analgesia is not better than that of patients with noniatrogenic SEA, and the mortality rate is also comparable. The essential problem of SEA lies in the necessity of early diagnosis, because only timely treatment is able to avoid or reduce permanent neurologic deficits. The problem with spinal epidural abscesses is not treatment, but early diagnosis - before massive neurological symptoms occur" (Strohecker and Grobovschek 1986).
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            Spinal epidural abscess: correlation between MRI findings and outcome.

            Our purpose was to determine if specific MRI findings in spinal epidural abscess (SEA), at the time of diagnosis, are associated with the clinical outcome. The clinical records and MRI studies of 18 patients with SEA were reviewed and follow-up was obtained from the outpatient medical record, telephone interview, or both. The association between findings on contrast-enhanced MRI and clinical outcome (weakness, neck or back pain, and incomplete functional recovery) was evaluated. With univariate analysis, narrowing of 50% or more of the central spinal canal (P = 0.03), peripheral contrast-enhancement (P = 0.05), and abnormal spinal cord signal intensity (P = 0.05) were associated with weakness at follow-up. Persistent neck or back pain was associated with spinal canal narrowing (P = 0.02), peripheral contrast-enhancement (P = 0.02), and an abscess longer than 3 cm (P = 0.04) on MRI. Incomplete clinical recovery was associated with both abscess length (P = 0.01) and the severity of canal narrowing (P = 0.01). Abscess length, enhancement pattern, and severity of canal narrowing can be incorporated in a grading system that can be used to predict outcome.
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              Spinal epidural abscess: evaluation with contrast-enhanced MR imaging.

              Seven patients with spinal epidural abscess were evaluated with MR imaging. T1-weighted images were obtained before and after administration of gadopentetate dimeglumine, and contrast-enhanced images were compared with available T2-weighted images and unenhanced T1-weighted images. In all seven cases, the epidural infection was iso- to hypointense compared with the spinal cord on unenhanced T1-weighted images, and increased in intensity on proton-density- and T2-weighted images. Three patterns of enhancement were observed after contrast administration. In three patients the infection enhanced homogeneously, likely representing thickened, inflammed tissue with microabscesses and granulomatous material. In one patient, peripheral enhancement surrounded a central focus of low signal intensity, representing necrotic abscess. In two patients, a combination of both patterns was observed. One abscess infiltrated the posterior thoracic epidural fat, producing decreased signal within the high-signal fat on T1-weighted images. Enhanced T1-weighted images were equivalent to unenhanced T2-weighted images in detecting the extent of epidural involvement in three cases. In two cases, enhanced T1-weighted images were superior to T2-weighted images in differentiating the infectious component from surrounding CSF. In one case, contrast administration produced no discernible enhancement. Enhanced images also provided important information regarding the composition of the abscess (liquid versus solid). Contrast-enhanced MR images are valuable in the characterization of spinal epidural abscesses.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Pan Afr Med J
                Pan Afr Med J
                PAMJ
                The Pan African Medical Journal
                The African Field Epidemiology Network
                1937-8688
                14 March 2017
                2017
                : 26
                : 145
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Service Neurochirurgie, CHU Hassan II, Fès, Maroc
                Author notes
                [& ]Corresponding author: Abderrazzak EL Saqui, Service Neurochirurgie, CHU Hassan II, Fès, Maroc
                Article
                PAMJ-26-145
                10.11604/pamj.2017.26.145.9156
                5429448
                28533868
                980eb3cb-82ec-42ce-9645-c4bf61b80114
                © Abderrazzak El Saqui et al.

                The Pan African Medical Journal - ISSN 1937-8688. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 19 February 2016
                : 08 April 2016
                Categories
                Case Report

                Medicine
                abcès épidural,infection,irm,chirurgie,epidural abscess,mri,surgery
                Medicine
                abcès épidural, infection, irm, chirurgie, epidural abscess, mri, surgery

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