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      Applications of Hyaluronic Acid in Ophthalmology and Contact Lenses

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          Abstract

          Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a glycosaminoglycan that was first isolated and identified from the vitreous body of a bull’s eye. HA is ubiquitous in the soft connective tissues of animals and therefore has high tissue compatibility for use in medication. Because of HA’s biological safety and water retention properties, it has many ophthalmology-related applications, such as in intravitreal injection, dry eye treatment, and contact lenses. Due to its broad range of applications, the identification and quantification of HA is a critical topic. This review article discusses current methods for analyzing HA. Contact lenses have become a widely used medical device, with HA commonly used as an additive to their production material, surface coating, and multipurpose solution. HA molecules on contact lenses retain moisture and increase the wearer’s comfort. HA absorbed by contact lenses can also gradually release to the anterior segment of the eyes to treat dry eye. This review discusses applications of HA in ophthalmology.

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          The epidemiology of dry eye disease: report of the Epidemiology Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (2007).

          (2007)
          The report of the Epidemiology Subcommittee of the 2007 Dry Eye WorkShop summarizes current knowledge on the epidemiology of dry eye disease, providing prevalence and incidence data from various populations. It stresses the need to expand epidemiological studies to additional geographic regions, to incorporate multiple races and ethnicities in future studies, and to build a consensus on dry eye diagnostic criteria for epidemiological studies. Recommendations are made regarding several characteristics of dry eye questionnaires that might be suitable for use in epidemiological studies and randomized controlled clinical trials. Risk factors for dry eye and morbidity of the disease are identified, and the impact of dry eye disease on quality of life and visual function are outlined. Suggestions are made for further prospective research that would lead to improvement of both eye and general public health.
          Article 0 comments Cited 300 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Structure and design of polymeric surfactant-based drug delivery systems.

            Vladimir P. Torchilin (2001)
            The review concentrates on the use of polymeric micelles as pharmaceutical carriers. Micellization of biologically active substances is a general phenomenon that increases the bioavailability of lipophilic drugs and nutrients. Currently used low-molecular-weight pharmaceutical surfactants have low toxicity and high solubilization power towards poorly soluble pharmaceuticals. However, micelles made of such surfactants usually have relatively high critical micelle concentration (CMC) and are unstable upon strong dilution (for example, with the blood volume upon intravenous administration). On the other hand, amphiphilic block co-polymers are also known to form spherical micelles in solution. These micelles have very high solubilization capacity and rather low CMC value that makes them very stable in vivo. Amphiphilic block co-polymers suitable for micelle preparation are described and various types of polymeric micelles are considered as well as mechanisms of their formation, factors influencing their stability and disintegration, their loading capacity towards various poorly soluble pharmaceuticals, and their therapeutic potential. The basic mechanisms underlying micelle longevity and steric protection in vivo are considered with a special emphasis on long circulating drug delivery systems. Advantages and disadvantages of micelles when compared with other drug delivery systems are considered. New polymer-lipid amphiphilic compounds such as diacyillipid-polyethylene glycol, are described and discussed. These compounds are very attractive from a practical point of view, since they easily micellize yielding extremely stable micelles with very high loading capacity. Micelle passive accumulation in the areas with leaky vasculature (tumors, infarct zones) is discussed as an important physiology-based mechanism of drug delivery into certain target zones. Targeted polymeric micelles prepared by using thermo- or pH-sensitive components or by attaching specific targeted moieties (such as antibodies) to their outer surface are described as well as their preparation and some in vivo properties. The fast growing field of diagnostic micelles is analyzed. Polymeric micelles are considered loaded with various agents for gamma, magnetic resonance, and computed tomography imaging. Their in vitro and in vivo properties are discussed and the results of the initial animal experiments are presented.
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              Hyaluronic acid (hyaluronan): a review

              J Necas, L Bartosíková, P Brauner … (2008)
              Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a high molecular weight biopolysacharide, discovered in 1934, by Karl Meyer and his assistant, John Palmer in the vitreous of bovine eyes. Hyaluronic acid is a naturally occurring biopolymer, which has important biological functions in bacteria and higher animals including humans. It is found in most connective tissues and is particularly concentrated in synovial fluid, the vitreous fluid of the eye, umbilical cords and chicken combs. It is naturally synthesized by a class of integral membrane proteins called hyaluronan synthases, and degraded by a family of enzymes called hyaluronidases. This review describes metabolisms, different physiological and pathological functions, basic pharmacological properties, and the clinical use of hyaluronic acid.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Silvia Arpicco: Role: Academic Editor
                Barbara Stella: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules
                Title: Molecules
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 April 2021
                Publication date Collection: May 2021
                Volume: 26
                Issue: 9
                Electronic Location Identifier: 2485
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Research and Development Center, Yung Sheng Optical Company, Daya District, Taichung 42881, Taiwan; wanhsinchang@ 123456hydron.com.tw (W.-H.C.); ginaliu@ 123456hydron.com.tw (P.-Y.L.); hsuanlin@ 123456hydron.com.tw (M.-H.L.); rurulu@ 123456hydron.com.tw (C.-J.L.); nu5544@ 123456hydron.com.tw (H.-Y.C.); joseynian@ 123456hydron.com.tw (C.-Y.N.)
                [2 ]Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Xitun District, Taichung 40704, Taiwan
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: johnjiang@ 123456hydron.com.tw (Y.-T.J.); howardhsu@ 123456thu.edu.tw (Y.-H.H.H.); Tel.: +886-4-25658384 (ext. 3706) (Y.-T.J.); +886-4-23590121 (ext. 32238) (Y.-H.H.H.)
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3423-2892
                Article
                Publisher ID: molecules-26-02485
                DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092485
                PMC ID: 8123179
                PubMed ID: 33923222
                SO-VID: 9861eb7e-0756-400a-b625-d201e7ea4978
                Copyright © © 2021 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 26 March 2021
                Date accepted : 19 April 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: hyaluronic acid,contact lenses,ophthalmology
                Data availability:
                Keywords: hyaluronic acid, contact lenses, ophthalmology

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