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      Importancia de la domesticación en la conservación de los hongos silvestres comestibles en México Translated title: The importance of domestication in the conservation of edible wild fungi in Mexico

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          Abstract

          En Latinoamérica, incluido México, existe una gran degradación de los bosques y selvas que ha alterado drásticamente al entorno ecológico, social y cultural asociado a ellos. Los hongos silvestres comestibles forman parte de esta riqueza biocultural y se encuentran actualmente amenazados por el desconocimiento de pautas de aprovechamiento sostenible y la creciente demanda por sus propiedades gastronómicas y nutracéuticas. Esto aumenta la probabilidad de sobreexplotación o extinción de distintas especies, especialmente de aquellas tradicionales y más conocidas. Por lo anterior, es necesario entender el papel de los hongos silvestres comestibles dentro de los agroecosistemas, así como desarrollar tecnologías que permitan su domesticación y producción. En la presente revisión se analizan antecedentes teóricos y conceptuales relacionados con los retos en el manejo del recurso fúngico y las implicancias de su domesticación, señalando la necesidad de considerar el conocimiento etnomicológico y un enfoque interdisciplinario que favorezca el equilibrio entre conservación y desarrollo. El manejo adecuado de este recurso podría contribuir a las economías locales y ser un factor de transformación social para las comunidades rurales e indígenas de los bosques en México.

          Translated abstract

          In Latin America, including Mexico, the tremendous degradation of forests has drastically altered the ecological, social and cultural contexts associated with them. Edible wild fungi form part of the eating and subsistence strategy of the local inhabitants and of the biocultural richness. This resource is currently at risk owing to the growing demand for its gastronomic and nutraceutical properties, and because of the lack of knowledge for its sustainable use. All of this increases the probability of overexploiting or driving some species extinct, especially the most traditionally used and well-known ones. Because of this, it is necessary to develop an understanding of the role of edible wild fungi in agroecosystems, and to develop technologies that allow them to be produced under domestication. This review examines the theoretical and conceptual background of the challenges of managing fungi and the implications of their domestication; emphasizing the need to take into account ethnomycological knowledge and use an interdisciplinary approach that favors a balance between conservation and development. The proper management of this resource could contribute to local economies and even become a driver of social transformation for rural and indigenous communities in the forests of Mexico.

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          Patterns and processes in crop domestication: an historical review and quantitative analysis of 203 global food crops.

          Domesticated food crops are derived from a phylogenetically diverse assemblage of wild ancestors through artificial selection for different traits. Our understanding of domestication, however, is based upon a subset of well-studied 'model' crops, many of them from the Poaceae family. Here, we investigate domestication traits and theories using a broader range of crops. We reviewed domestication information (e.g. center of domestication, plant traits, wild ancestors, domestication dates, domestication traits, early and current uses) for 203 major and minor food crops. Compiled data were used to test classic and contemporary theories in crop domestication. Many typical features of domestication associated with model crops, including changes in ploidy level, loss of shattering, multiple origins, and domestication outside the native range, are less common within this broader dataset. In addition, there are strong spatial and temporal trends in our dataset. The overall time required to domesticate a species has decreased since the earliest domestication events. The frequencies of some domestication syndrome traits (e.g. nonshattering) have decreased over time, while others (e.g. changes to secondary metabolites) have increased. We discuss the influences of the ecological, evolutionary, cultural and technological factors that make domestication a dynamic and ongoing process. © 2012 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2012 New Phytologist Trust.
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            Fruiting body production in Basidiomycetes.

            Mushroom cultivation presents an economically important biotechnological industry that has markedly expanded all over the world in the past few decades. Mushrooms serve as delicacies for human consumption and as nutriceuticals, as "food that also cures". Mushrooms, the fruiting bodies of basidiomycetous fungi, contain substances of various kinds that are highly valued as medicines, flavourings and perfumes. Nevertheless, the biological potential of mushrooms is probably far from exploited. A major problem up to now is that only a few species can be induced to fruit in culture. Our current knowledge on the biological processes of fruiting body initiation and development is limited and arises mostly from studies of selected model organisms that are accessible to molecular genetics. A better understanding of the developmental processes underlying fruiting in these model organisms is expected to help mushroom cultivation of other basidiomycetes in the future.
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              Medicinal mushrooms in prevention and control of diabetes mellitus

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bosque
                Bosque (Valdivia)
                Bosque (Valdivia)
                Universidad Austral de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales (Valdivia, , Chile )
                0717-9200
                2015
                : 36
                : 2
                : 151-161
                Affiliations
                [01] Veracruz orgnameUniversidad Veracruzana orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas México
                [02] Veracruz orgnameUniversidad Veracruzana orgdiv1Instituto de Ecología México
                Article
                S0717-92002015000200001 S0717-9200(15)03600200001
                986273b4-dced-4415-b001-643fd53ca419

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 22 January 2014
                : 23 January 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 68, Pages: 11
                Product

                SciELO Chile

                Categories
                REVISIONES

                agroecosystems,etnomicología,conocimiento tradicional,ecosistemas forestales,agroecosistemas,ethnomycology,traditional knowledge,forest ecosystems

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