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      Dream Recall and Content versus the Menstrual Cycle: A Cross-Sectional Study in Healthy Women

      brief-report

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          Abstract

          The association between sleep and the menstrual cycle has been scarcely studied. This study aimed to investigate the association between dream recall and content and the menstrual cycle among a large sample of young women. To this aim, 944 women were asked about their day of menstrual cycle, whether they remembered the previous night’s dreams and if they did so to describe the dream content as pleasant or unpleasant. A total of 378 women recalled the previous nights’ dreams, with 199 reporting pleasant dream affect/content and 179 reporting unpleasant dream content. In women who recalled their dreams, there was an association of pleasant dream content with the luteal phase ( p = 0.038). In conclusion, in women, the hormonal milieu of the luteal phase may influence dream content.

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          The emotional brain and sleep: an intimate relationship.

          Marie Vandekerckhove, Raymond Cluydts (2010)
          Research findings confirm our own experiences in life where daytime events and especially emotionally stressful events have an impact on sleep quality and well-being. Obviously, daytime emotional stress may have a differentiated effect on sleep by influencing sleep physiology and dream patterns, dream content and the emotion within a dream, although its exact role is still unclear. Other effects that have been found are the exaggerated startle response, decreased dream recall and elevated awakening thresholds from rapid eye movement (REM)-sleep, increased or decreased latency to REM-sleep, increased REM-density, REM-sleep duration and the occurrence of arousals in sleep as a marker of sleep disruption. However, not only do daytime events affect sleep, also the quality and amount of sleep influences the way we react to these events and may be an important determinant in general well-being. Sleep seems restorative in daily functioning, whereas deprivation of sleep makes us more sensitive to emotional and stressful stimuli and events in particular. The way sleep impacts next day mood/emotion is thought to be affected particularly via REM-sleep, where we observe a hyperlimbic and hypoactive dorsolateral prefrontal functioning in combination with a normal functioning of the medial prefrontal cortex, probably adaptive in coping with the continuous stream of emotional events we experience. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes

            Serena Scarpelli, Chiara Bartolacci, Aurora D'atri … (2019)
            Dream experience (DE) represents a fascinating condition linked to emotional processes and the human inner world. Although the overlap between REM sleep and dreaming has been overcome, several studies point out that emotional and perceptually vivid contents are more frequent when reported upon awakenings from this sleep stage. Actually, it is well-known that REM sleep plays a pivotal role in the processing of salient and emotional waking-life experiences, strongly contributing to the emotional memory consolidation. In this vein, we highlighted that, to some extent, neuroimaging studies showed that the processes that regulate dreaming and emotional salience in sleep mentation share similar neural substrates of those controlling emotions during wakefulness. Furthermore, the research on EEG correlates of the presence/absence of DE and the results on EEG pattern related to the incorporated memories converged to assign a crucial role of REM theta oscillations in emotional re-processing. In particular, the theta activity is involved in memory processes during REM sleep as well as during the waking state, in line with the continuity hypothesis. Also, the gamma activity seems to be related to emotional processes and dream recall as well as to lucid dreams. Interestingly, similar EEG correlates of DE have been found in clinical samples when nightmares or dreams occur. Research on clinical samples revealed that promoting the rehearsal of frightening contents aimed to change them is a promising method to treat nightmares, and that lucid dreams are associated with an attenuation of nightmares. In this view, DE can defuse emotional traumatic memories when the emotional regulation and the fear extinction mechanisms are compromised by traumatic and frightening events. Finally, dreams could represent a sort of simulation of reality, providing the possibility to create a new scenario with emotional mastery elements to cope with dysphoric items included in nightmares. In addition, it could be hypothesized that the insertion of bizarre items besides traumatic memories might be functional to “impoverish” the negative charge of the experiences.
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              Resting brain activity varies with dream recall frequency between subjects.

              Alain Nicolas, Jérôme Redouté, Jérôme Daltrozzo … (2014)
              Dreaming is still poorly understood. Notably, its cerebral underpinning remains unclear. Neuropsychological studies have shown that lesions in the temporoparietal junction (TPJ) and/or the white matter of the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) lead to the global cessation of dream reports, suggesting that these regions of the default mode network have key roles in the dreaming process (forebrain 'dream-on' hypothesis). To test this hypothesis, we measured regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) using [(15)O]H2O positron emission tomography in healthy subjects with high and low dream recall frequencies (DRFs) during wakefulness (rest) and sleep (rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, N2, and N3). Compared with Low recallers (0.5 ± 0.3 dream recall per week in average), High recallers (5.2 ± 1.4) showed higher rCBF in the TPJ during REM sleep, N3, and wakefulness, and in the MPFC during REM sleep and wakefulness. We demonstrate that the resting states of High recallers and Low recallers differ during sleep and wakefulness. It coheres with previous ERP results and confirms that a high/low DRF is associated with a specific functional organization of the brain. These results support the forebrain 'dream-on' hypothesis and suggest that TPJ and MPFC are not only involved in dream recall during wakefulness but also have a role in dreaming during sleep (production and/or encoding). Increased activity in the TPJ and MPFC might promote the mental imagery and/or memory encoding of dreams. Notably, increased activity in TPJ might facilitate attention orienting toward external stimuli and promote intrasleep wakefulness, facilitating the encoding of the dreams in memory.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Med Sci (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Med Sci (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): medsci
                Title: Medical Sciences
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2076-3271
                Publication date (Electronic): 21 July 2019
                Publication date Collection: July 2019
                Volume: 7
                Issue: 7
                Electronic Location Identifier: 81
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Endocrinology, Elena Venizelou Hosp, 11521 Athens, Greece
                [2 ]Sleep Study Unit, Eginition Hospital, University of Athens & Enypnion Sleep Disorders—Epilepsy Center, 11521 Athens, Greece
                [3 ]IRCCS Neuromed, Sleep Medicine Center, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: iiliasmd@ 123456yahoo.com ; Tel.: +30-2132051389
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5718-7441
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4505-2600
                Article
                Publisher ID: medsci-07-00081
                DOI: 10.3390/medsci7070081
                PMC ID: 6681280
                PubMed ID: 31330877
                SO-VID: 98c83293-9a3b-48b6-8d42-92fde2fb2926
                Copyright © © 2019 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 28 June 2019
                Date accepted : 18 July 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Brief Report

                Keywords: sleep,dreams,women,menstrual cycle
                Data availability:
                Keywords: sleep, dreams, women, menstrual cycle

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