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      Clinical differences between children with asthma and rhinitis in rural and urban areas Translated title: Diferencias clínicas entre niños con asma y rinitis de áreas rurales y urbanas

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      1 , 2 , , 1 , 3 , 1
      Colombia Médica : CM
      Universidad del Valle
      Asthma, children, diagnosis, treatment, rhinitis, rural, urban, asma, niños, diagnóstico, tratamiento, rinitis, rural, urbano

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          Abstract

          Background:

          Epidemiological studies have shown that children who grow up on traditional farms are protected from allergic diseases. However, less is known about if the environment influences the pharmacotherapy in these patients.

          Objective:

          To compare the treatment of asthmatic and rhinitis children from urban and rural areas in Medellín, Colombia.

          Methods:

          During one year, we follow up a group of children (6 to 14 years) with diagnostic of asthma or rhinitis living for more than five years in urban or rural area. A questionnaire with socio-demographic characteristics, pharmacotherapy treatments, was obtained each three months. Atopy evaluation, spirometry and clinical test for asthma and rhinitis severity were done at the beginning and one year later.

          Results:

          Eighty six point four percent patients completed the follow up (rural n: 134, urban n: 248). Patients in rural location required less salbutamol ( p: 0.01), visit to emergency department ( p <0.01) and have a less number of patients with FEV1 <80% ( p: 0.05). For clinical control rural children require less pharmacotherapy than urban children ( p: 0.01) and more patients with rhinitis (18% vs 8% p: 0.03) and asthma (23% vs 12% p: 0.01) in the rural group could suspended pharmacotherapy. Atopy ( p: <0.07) and poli-sensitization ( p: <0.08) was a little higher in urban than rural area. We observe that poverty/unhygienic indicators were risk factors for higher levels of specific IgE among patients from urban area.

          Conclusion:

          Patients with respiratory allergies located in urban area require more pharmacotherapy and have less clinical response than rural children.

          Resumen

          Introducción:

          Los estudios epidemiológicos han demostrado que los niños que crecen en las granjas suelen tener menos frecuencia de enfermedades alérgicas. Sin embargo, se sabe menos si el tipo de ambiente (rural vs urbano) también puede influir en la respuesta clínica de a la farmacoterapia.

          Objetivo:

          Comparar un grupo de niños localizados en área rural y área urbana de Antioquia, Colombia, en cuanto al tratamiento farmacológico recibido para el asma y/o la rinitis.

          Métodos:

          Fueron incluidos niños con asma y/o rinitis que llevaran viviendo al menos 5 años en la misma zona rural o urbana con edades entre 6 a 14 años. A todos los pacientes se les realizó un seguimiento clínico cada 3 a 4 meses. La evaluación de la atopia, la espirometría y test para evaluar la gravedad del asma y la rinitis se realizaron al principio y al final del estudio.

          Resultados:

          De los pacientes candidatos, 382 (86.4%) completaron el seguimiento (rural n= 134 urbano n= 248). Los pacientes en área rural requirieron menos salbutamol ( p: 0.01), visitas al departamento de emergencias ( p <0.01) y tenían un menor número de pacientes con FEV1 <80% ( p <0.05). Para el control clínico, los niños en zonas rurales requieren menos farmacoterapia que los niños en zona urbana ( p: 0.01). Igualmente, para la rinitis (18% vs 8% p: 0.03) y el asma (23% vs 12% p= 0.01) un mayor número de los pacientes en zona rural pudieron suspender la farmacoterapia. La atopia ( p <0.07) y la poli-sensibilización ( p <0.08) fue mayor en las zonas urbanas que en las rurales. Se observó que los indicadores de pobreza y los servicios de aseo, eran factores de riesgo para mayores niveles de IgE entre los pacientes de área urbana.

          Conclusión:

          Los pacientes con asma o rinitis localizado en el área urbana tienen síntomas más severos y refractarios al tratamiento farmacológico, por lo que requieren más farmacoterapia que los niños rurales. Algunos factores ambientales intra y extra domiciliarios propios de la zona rural y urbana podrían influir en estos resultados.

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          Most cited references32

          • Record: found
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          Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines-2016 revision.

          Allergic rhinitis (AR) affects 10% to 40% of the population. It reduces quality of life and school and work performance and is a frequent reason for office visits in general practice. Medical costs are large, but avoidable costs associated with lost work productivity are even larger than those incurred by asthma. New evidence has accumulated since the last revision of the Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines in 2010, prompting its update.
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            • Article: not found

            Perennial allergen sensitisation early in life and chronic asthma in children: a birth cohort study.

            Reduced lung function is a feature of chronic asthma, which becomes apparent at school age. Unknown factors between birth and school age determine the progressive loss of pulmonary function in children with persistent asthma. We investigated the role of allergic sensitisation and allergen exposure early in life. The German Multicentre Allergy Study followed 1314 children from birth to 13 years of age. We regularly interviewed parents about their child's asthma and measured IgE levels. Allergen exposure was assessed at age 6 months, 18 months, and at 3, 4, and 5 years; lung function was assessed at 7, 10, and 13 years; post-bronchodilator response at 10 and 13 years; and a bronchial histamine challenge was done at 7 years. 90% of children with wheeze but no atopy lost their symptoms at school age and retained normal lung function at puberty. By contrast, sensitisation to perennial allergens (eg, house dust mite, cat and dog hair) developing in the first 3 years of life was associated with a loss of lung function at school age. Concomitant exposure to high levels of perennial allergens early in life aggravated this process: forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) to forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio was 87.4 (SD 7.4) for those sensitised and with high exposure compared with 92.6 (6.0) for those not sensitised, p<0.0001; and maximal expiratory flow at 50% (MEF50) 86.4 (25.1) for sensitised and with high exposure compared with 101.5 (23.2; p=0.0031) for those not sensitised. Such exposure also enhanced the development of airway hyper-responsiveness in sensitised children with wheeze. Sensitisation and exposure later in life had much weaker effects and sensitisation to seasonal allergens did not play a part. The chronic course of asthma characterised by airway hyper-responsiveness and impairment of lung function at school age is determined by continuing allergic airway inflammation beginning in the first 3 years of life. However, children with a non-atopic wheezing phenotype lose their symptoms over school age and retain normal lung function at puberty.
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              Randomized Controlled Trials and real life studies. Approaches and methodologies: a clinical point of view.

              Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) are the "gold standard" for evaluating treatment outcomes providing information on treatments "efficacy". They are designed to test a therapeutic hypothesis under optimal setting in the absence of confounding factors. For this reason they have high internal validity. The strict and controlled conditions in which they are conducted, leads to low generalizability because they are performed in conditions very different from real life usual care. Conversely, real life studies inform on the "effectiveness" of a treatment, that is, the measure of the extent to which an intervention does what is intended to do in routine circumstances. At variance to RCTs, real life trials have high generalizability, but low internal validity. Recently the number of real life studies has been rapidly growing in different areas of respiratory medicine, particularly in asthma and COPD. The role of such studies is becoming a hot topic in respiratory medicine, attracting research interest and debate. In the first part of this review we discuss some of the advantages and disadvantages of different types of RCTs and analyze the strengths and weaknesses of real life trials, considering the recent examples of some studies conducted in COPD. We then discuss methodological approaches and options to overcome some of the limitations of real life studies. Comparing the conclusions of effectiveness and efficacy trials can provide important pieces of information. Indeed, these approaches can result complementary, and they can guide the interpretation of each other results. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Colomb Med (Cali)
                Colombia Médica : CM
                Universidad del Valle
                0120-8322
                1657-9534
                30 June 2018
                Apr-Jun 2018
                : 49
                : 2
                : 169-174
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Group of Clinical and Experimental Allergy, IPS Universitaria Universidad de Antioquia. Medellin, Colombia
                [2 ] Fundación para el Desarrollo de las Ciencias Médicas y Biológicas. Cartagena, Colombia
                [3 ] Medicine Department, Corporacion Universitaria Rafael Nuñez, Cartagena, Colombia
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Jorge Sanchez. Cra 42 n 7 a Sur 92 Apto 1710, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin. Phone: 300 3934000. E-mail: jorgem.sanchez@ 123456udea.edu.co

                Conflict of interest: There is no conflict of interest

                Article
                10.25100/cm.v49i2.3015
                6084920
                30104810
                98f51577-9e42-4a7a-92ea-ec6dc3136eae
                Copyright © 2018 Universidad del Valle

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 13 March 2017
                : 08 November 2017
                : 18 February 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 8, Equations: 0, References: 33, Pages: 6
                Categories
                Original Article

                asthma,children,diagnosis,treatment,rhinitis,rural,urban,asma,niños,diagnóstico,tratamiento,rinitis,urbano

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