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      Panthera tigris jacksoni Population Crash and Impending Extinction due to Environmental Perturbation and Human-Wildlife Conflict

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          Abstract

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          The Malayan tiger, with less than 200 individuals in Malaysia, is in an intermediate population crash. Anthropogenic disturbances (poaching, roadkill, and human–tiger conflict), environmental perturbation (decreasing habitat quality), and infectious diseases have been identified as factors leading to impending extinction. Preliminary findings from stakeholders indicate Peninsular Malaysia has an existing Malayan Tiger conservation management programme. However, to enhance the protection and conservation of the Malayan Tiger, the authority should re-assess the existing legislation, regulation, and management plan, and realign them to prevent population decline.

          Abstract

          The critically endangered Malayan tiger ( Panthera tigris jacksoni), with an estimated population of less than 200 individuals left in isolated rainforest habitats in Malaysia, is in an intermediate population crash leading to extinction in the next decade. The population has decreased significantly by illegal poaching, environmental perturbation, roadkill, and being captured during human–wildlife conflicts. Forty-five or more individuals were extracted from the wild (four animals captured due to conflict, one death due to canine distemper, one roadkilled, and 39 poached) in the 12 years between 2008–2019. The Malayan tigers are the first wildlife species to test positive for COVID-19 and are subject to the Canine Distemper Virus. These anthropogenic disturbances (poaching and human–tiger conflict) and environmental perturbation (decreasing habitat coverage and quality) have long been identified as impending extinction factors. Roadkill and infectious diseases have emerged recently as new confounding factors threatening Malayan tiger extinction in the near future. Peninsular Malaysia has an existing Malayan tiger conservation management plan; however, to enhance the protection and conservation of Malayan tigers from potential extinction, the authority should reassess the existing legislation, regulation, and management plan and realign them to prevent further population decline, and to better enable preparedness and readiness for the ongoing pandemic and future threats.

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          Infection and Rapid Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Ferrets

          Summary The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in China and rapidly spread worldwide. To prevent SARS-CoV-2 dissemination, understanding the in vivo characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 is a high priority. We report a ferret model of SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission that recapitulates aspects of human disease. SARS-CoV-2-infected ferrets exhibit elevated body temperatures and virus replication. Although fatalities were not observed, SARS-CoV-2-infected ferrets shed virus in nasal washes, saliva, urine, and feces up to 8 days post-infection. At 2 days post-contact, SARS-CoV-2 was detected in all naive direct contact ferrets. Furthermore, a few naive indirect contact ferrets were positive for viral RNA, suggesting airborne transmission. Viral antigens were detected in nasal turbinate, trachea, lungs, and intestine with acute bronchiolitis present in infected lungs. Thus, ferrets represent an infection and transmission animal model of COVID-19 that may facilitate development of SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics and vaccines.
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            Research Design : Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches

            The eagerly anticipated Fourth Edition of the title that pioneered the comparison of qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods research design is here! For all three approaches, Creswell includes a preliminary consideration of philosophical assumptions, a review of the literature, an assessment of the use of theory in research approaches, and refl ections about the importance of writing and ethics in scholarly inquiry. He also presents the key elements of the research process, giving specifi c attention to each approach. The Fourth Edition includes extensively revised mixed methods coverage, increased coverage of ethical issues in research, and an expanded emphasis on worldview perspectives.
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              Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Domestic Cats

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Animals (Basel)
                Animals (Basel)
                animals
                Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI
                MDPI
                2076-2615
                06 April 2021
                April 2021
                : 11
                : 4
                : 1032
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Wildlife and National Parks Pahang, Jalan Kompleks Tun Razak, Bandar Indera Mahkota, Kuantan 25582, Malaysia
                [2 ]Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, Jalan Profesor Diraja Ungku Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
                [3 ]Faculty of Economics and Administration, University of Malaya, Jalan Profesor Diraja Ungku Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
                [4 ]Ungku Aziz Centre for Development Studies, University of Malaya, Jalan Profesor Diraja Ungku Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
                [5 ]Center for Foundation Studies in Science, University of Malaya, Jalan Profesor Diraja Ungku Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; nhhpasum@ 123456um.edu.my
                [6 ]Department of Wildlife and National Parks Johor, Blok B, Wisma Persekutuan, 9th Floor, Jalan Air Molek, Johor Bahru 80000, Malaysia; salman@ 123456wildlife.gov.my
                [7 ]Department of Wildlife and National Parks, KM10, Jalan Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56100, Malaysia; kadir@ 123456wildlife.gov.my
                [8 ]Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Malaysia
                [9 ]Academy of Sciences Malaysia, West Wing, MATRADE Tower, Level 20, Jalan Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah, Kuala Lumpur 50480, Malaysia
                Author notes
                Article
                animals-11-01032
                10.3390/ani11041032
                8067357
                33917373
                991c64da-81c2-41ce-8ffe-85b72c5dd251
                © 2021 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 01 March 2021
                : 01 April 2021
                Categories
                Article

                wildlife management,wildlife strategies,anthropogenic disturbances,environmental perturbation,infectious diseases

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