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      Choroidal Structure in Children with Anisohypermetropic Amblyopia Determined by Binarization of Optical Coherence Tomographic Images

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          To compare the choroidal structure of the subfoveal area in the eyes of children with anisohypermetropic amblyopia to that of the fellow eyes and to age-matched controls using a binarization method of the images obtained by enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT).

          Methods

          This study was performed at Nara Medical University Hospital, Tokushima University Hospital, and Kagoshima University Hospital, Japan. Forty amblyopic eyes with anisohypermetropic amblyopia and their fellow eyes (5.9 ± 2.1 years, mean ± standard deviation), and 103 age-matched controls (6.7 ± 2.4 years) were studied. The control eyes were divided into myopic, emmetropic, and hyperopic eyes. The total choroidal area, luminal area and stromal area of the subfoveal choroid were measured by the binarization method. The luminal/stromal ratio and the axial length of the amblyopic eyes were compared to that of the control eyes.

          Results

          The total choroidal area in the amblyopic eyes was significantly larger than that of the fellow eyes ( P = 0.005). The luminal/stromal ratio was significantly larger in the amblyopic eyes than that of the fellow eyes ( P<0.001) and the control hyperopic eyes ( P<0.001). There was a significant negative correlation between the luminal/stromal ratio and the axial length in the control eyes ( r = -0.30, P = 0.001), but no significant correlation was found in the amblyopic eyes.

          Conclusions

          The choroidal structure of the amblyopic eyes was different from that of the fellow and the control hyperopic eyes. The choroidal changes are related to amblyopia.

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          Most cited references19

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          Diurnal variation of choroidal thickness in normal, healthy subjects measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography.

          Colin Tan, Yanling Ouyang, Humberto Ruiz … (2012)
          To describe the pattern and magnitude of diurnal variation of choroidal thickness (CT), its relation to systemic and ocular factors, and to determine the intervisit reproducibility of diurnal patterns. A prospective study was conducted on 12 healthy volunteers who each underwent sequential ocular imaging on two separate days at five fixed, 2-hour time intervals. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) with enhanced depth imaging and image tracking was performed using a standardized protocol. Choroidal and retinal thicknesses were independently assessed by two masked graders. CT diurnal variation was assessed using repeated-measures ANOVA. A significant diurnal variation in CT was observed, with mean maximum CT of 372.2 μm, minimum of 340.6 μm (P < 0.001), and mean diurnal amplitude of 33.7 μm. Retinal thickness (mean, 235.0 μm) did not exhibit significant diurnal variation (P = 0.621). The amplitude of CT variation was significantly greater for subjects with thicker morning baseline CT compared with those with thin choroids (43.1 vs. 10.5 μm, P < 0.001). There were significant correlations between amplitude of CT and age (P = 0.032), axial length (P < 0.001), and spherical equivalent (P < 0.001). The change in CT also correlated with change in systolic blood pressure (P = 0.031). Comparing CT on two different days, a similar diurnal pattern was observed, with no significant difference between corresponding measurements at the same time points (P = 0.180). There is significant diurnal variation of CT, with good intervisit reproducibility of diurnal patterns on two different days. The amplitude of variation varies with morning baseline CT, and is correlated with age, axial length, refractive error, and change in systolic blood pressure.
          Article 0 comments Cited 242 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Morphometric analysis of Bruch's membrane, the choriocapillaris, and the choroid in aging.

            R S Ramrattan, T L van der Schaft, C Mooy … (1994)
            To quantify changes in choriocapillary density and in thickness of Bruch's membrane, the choriocapillaris, and the choroid in 95 unpaired, histologically normal human maculae aged 6 to 100 years and in 25 maculae with advanced age-related macular degeneration. Light microscopic, computer-aided, morphometric quantitative analysis. In ten decades, Bruch's membrane thickness increased by 135%, from 2.0 to 4.7 microns; the choriocapillary density decreased by 45%; the diameter of the choriocapillaris decreased by 34%, from 9.8 to 6.5 microns; and the choroidal thickness decreased by 57%, from 193.5 to 84 microns in normal maculae. In maculae with basal laminar deposit, geographic atrophy, or disciform scarring, the density of the choriocapillaris was 63%, 54%, and 43% of normal and the choriocapillary diameter was 81%, 73%, and 75% of normal, respectively. Choroidal thickness remained unchanged. Thickness of Bruch's membrane was only related to age (rs = 0.63) and not to age-related atrophy of the choriocapillaris. Age was also the strongest factor related to choriocapillary density (rs = -0.58). In advanced stages of age-related macular degeneration, the decrease in choriocapillary density and diameter was significantly larger than in normal maculae, but the thickness of the choroid and Bruch's membrane was the same. The latter was significantly thinner (81% of normal) in disciform scarring.
            Article 0 comments Cited 166 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Choroidal structure in normal eyes and after photodynamic therapy determined by binarization of optical coherence tomographic images.

              Shozo Sonoda, Taiji Sakamoto, Takehiro Yamashita … (2014)
              To determine changes in choroidal structure by binarization of optical coherence tomographic (OCT) images.
              Article 0 comments Cited 131 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Demetrios G. Vavvas: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 October 2016
                Publication date Collection: 2016
                Volume: 11
                Issue: 10
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0164672
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Ophthalmology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
                [2 ]Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuramoto, Tokushima, Japan
                [3 ]Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Japan
                Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                • Conceptualization: TN SS.

                • Data curation: TN Y. Mizusawa.

                • Formal analysis: TN Y. Mizusawa.

                • Investigation: TN Y. Mizusawa K. Shinomiya K. Semba.

                • Methodology: TU SS.

                • Project administration: TN NO.

                • Resources: TN Y. Mizusawa.

                • Software: EU SS.

                • Supervision: Y. Mitamura TS NO.

                • Validation: TN.

                • Visualization: TN.

                • Writing – original draft: TN TS NO.

                • Writing – review & editing: TN TU Y. Mitamura TS NO.

                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-16-31362
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164672
                PMC ID: 5063323
                PubMed ID: 27736947
                SO-VID: 99fd0699-1871-429e-88e4-64f9e64e2329
                Copyright © © 2016 Nishi et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 5 August 2016
                Date accepted : 28 September 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 4, Pages: 11
                Funding
                The authors received no specific funding for this work.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Head
                Subject: Eyes
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Head
                Subject: Eyes
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Ocular System
                Subject: Eyes
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Ocular System
                Subject: Eyes
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Ocular System
                Subject: Ocular Anatomy
                Subject: Choroid
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Ocular System
                Subject: Ocular Anatomy
                Subject: Choroid
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Neuroscience
                Subject: Sensory Perception
                Subject: Vision
                Subject: Visual Acuity
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Sensory Perception
                Subject: Vision
                Subject: Visual Acuity
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Sensory Perception
                Subject: Vision
                Subject: Visual Acuity
                Subject: Research and Analysis Methods
                Subject: Imaging Techniques
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Ocular System
                Subject: Ocular Anatomy
                Subject: Eye Muscles
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Ocular System
                Subject: Ocular Anatomy
                Subject: Eye Muscles
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Diagnostic Medicine
                Subject: Diagnostic Radiology
                Subject: Tomography
                Subject: Research and Analysis Methods
                Subject: Imaging Techniques
                Subject: Diagnostic Radiology
                Subject: Tomography
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Radiology and Imaging
                Subject: Diagnostic Radiology
                Subject: Tomography
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Cell Biology
                Subject: Cellular Types
                Subject: Animal Cells
                Subject: Muscle Cells
                Subject: Smooth Muscle Cells
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Biological Tissue
                Subject: Muscle Tissue
                Subject: Muscle Cells
                Subject: Smooth Muscle Cells
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Biological Tissue
                Subject: Muscle Tissue
                Subject: Muscle Cells
                Subject: Smooth Muscle Cells
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Ophthalmology
                Subject: Eye Diseases
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability All relevant data are within the paper.

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