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      COVID-19 among Chinese high school graduates: Psychological distress, growth, meaning in life and resilience

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          Abstract

          This study examined perceived impact of COVID-19 (PIC) on mental health outcomes (anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic growth) and roles of resilience and meaning in life. In October 2020, 430 Chinese high school graduates completed self-report measures. Results showed that 4.4% and 5.8% participants had anxiety and depression symptoms (⩾10), respectively, while 13.3% developed posttraumatic growth (⩾37.5). Resilience and meaning in life mediated the relationships between PIC and mental health outcomes. These findings underline psychological distress and growth coexisted in COVID-19, while resilience and meaning in life served as important protective factors of mental health.

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          A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7.

          Robert L Spitzer, Kurt Kroenke, Janet B W Williams … (2006)
          Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most common mental disorders; however, there is no brief clinical measure for assessing GAD. The objective of this study was to develop a brief self-report scale to identify probable cases of GAD and evaluate its reliability and validity. A criterion-standard study was performed in 15 primary care clinics in the United States from November 2004 through June 2005. Of a total of 2740 adult patients completing a study questionnaire, 965 patients had a telephone interview with a mental health professional within 1 week. For criterion and construct validity, GAD self-report scale diagnoses were compared with independent diagnoses made by mental health professionals; functional status measures; disability days; and health care use. A 7-item anxiety scale (GAD-7) had good reliability, as well as criterion, construct, factorial, and procedural validity. A cut point was identified that optimized sensitivity (89%) and specificity (82%). Increasing scores on the scale were strongly associated with multiple domains of functional impairment (all 6 Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form General Health Survey scales and disability days). Although GAD and depression symptoms frequently co-occurred, factor analysis confirmed them as distinct dimensions. Moreover, GAD and depression symptoms had differing but independent effects on functional impairment and disability. There was good agreement between self-report and interviewer-administered versions of the scale. The GAD-7 is a valid and efficient tool for screening for GAD and assessing its severity in clinical practice and research.
          Article 0 comments Cited 7637 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure.

            K Kroenke, R L Spitzer, J. Williams (2001)
            While considerable attention has focused on improving the detection of depression, assessment of severity is also important in guiding treatment decisions. Therefore, we examined the validity of a brief, new measure of depression severity. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) is a self-administered version of the PRIME-MD diagnostic instrument for common mental disorders. The PHQ-9 is the depression module, which scores each of the 9 DSM-IV criteria as "0" (not at all) to "3" (nearly every day). The PHQ-9 was completed by 6,000 patients in 8 primary care clinics and 7 obstetrics-gynecology clinics. Construct validity was assessed using the 20-item Short-Form General Health Survey, self-reported sick days and clinic visits, and symptom-related difficulty. Criterion validity was assessed against an independent structured mental health professional (MHP) interview in a sample of 580 patients. As PHQ-9 depression severity increased, there was a substantial decrease in functional status on all 6 SF-20 subscales. Also, symptom-related difficulty, sick days, and health care utilization increased. Using the MHP reinterview as the criterion standard, a PHQ-9 score > or =10 had a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 88% for major depression. PHQ-9 scores of 5, 10, 15, and 20 represented mild, moderate, moderately severe, and severe depression, respectively. Results were similar in the primary care and obstetrics-gynecology samples. In addition to making criteria-based diagnoses of depressive disorders, the PHQ-9 is also a reliable and valid measure of depression severity. These characteristics plus its brevity make the PHQ-9 a useful clinical and research tool.
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              Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health in the General Population: A Systematic Review

              Jiaqi Xiong, Orly Lipsitz, Flora Nasri … (2020)
              Highlights • The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in unprecedented hazards to mental health globally. • Relatively high rates of anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, psychological distress, and stress were reported in the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic in eight countries. • Common risk factors associated with mental distress during the COVID-19 pandemic include female gender, younger age group (≤40 years), presence of chronic/psychiatric illnesses, unemployment, student status, and frequent exposure to social media/news concerning COVID-19. • Mitigation of COVID-19 induced psychological distress requires government intervention and individual efforts.
              Article 0 comments Cited 2164 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Health Psychol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Health Psychol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): HPQ
                Journal ID (hwp): sphpq
                Title: Journal of Health Psychology
                Publisher: SAGE Publications (Sage UK: London, England )
                ISSN (Print): 1359-1053
                ISSN (Electronic): 1461-7277
                Publication date (Electronic): 4 February 2021
                Publication date PMC-release: 4 February 2021
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1359105321990819
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Sichuan International Studies University, China
                [2 ]Yangtze Normal University, China
                Author notes
                [*]Yongju Yu, School of Sociology and Law, Sichuan International Studies University, No. 33 Zhuangzhi Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400031, China. Email: yyj002788@ 123456sisu.edu.cn
                [*]Yongjuan Yu, School of Finance and Economics, Yangtze Normal University, No. 16 Juxian Avenue, Fuling District, Chongqing 408100, China. Email: yuyongjuan78@ 123456163.com
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0803-2520
                Article
                Publisher ID: 10.1177_1359105321990819
                DOI: 10.1177/1359105321990819
                PMC ID: 8685742
                PubMed ID: 33541149
                SO-VID: 9a6d0aef-953d-4a61-a89c-13e070eefb48
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2021
                License:

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic or until permissions are revoked in writing. Upon expiration of these permissions, PMC is granted a perpetual license to make this article available via PMC and Europe PMC, consistent with existing copyright protections.

                History
                Funding
                Funded by: Social Science Planning Project of Chongqing, China, ;
                Award ID: 2020YBSH107
                Categories
                Subject: Article
                Custom metadata
                edited-state corrected-proof
                typesetter ts1

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: anxiety,depression,meaning in life,perceived impact of covid-19,posttraumatic growth,psychological resilience
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: anxiety, depression, meaning in life, perceived impact of covid-19, posttraumatic growth, psychological resilience

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