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      Helium superfluidity. Shapes and vorticities of superfluid helium nanodroplets.

      1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 1 , 1 , 2 , 5 , 3 , 6 , 7 , 2 , 2 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 12 , 8 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 4 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 5 , 22 , 1 , 3 , 3 , 2 , 5 , 3 , 19 , 23 , 24 , 25
      Science (New York, N.Y.)

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          Abstract

          Helium nanodroplets are considered ideal model systems to explore quantum hydrodynamics in self-contained, isolated superfluids. However, exploring the dynamic properties of individual droplets is experimentally challenging. In this work, we used single-shot femtosecond x-ray coherent diffractive imaging to investigate the rotation of single, isolated superfluid helium-4 droplets containing ~10(8) to 10(11) atoms. The formation of quantum vortex lattices inside the droplets is confirmed by observing characteristic Bragg patterns from xenon clusters trapped in the vortex cores. The vortex densities are up to five orders of magnitude larger than those observed in bulk liquid helium. The droplets exhibit large centrifugal deformations but retain axially symmetric shapes at angular velocities well beyond the stability range of viscous classical droplets.

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          Rotating trapped Bose-Einstein condensates

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            Superfluid Helium Droplets: A Uniquely Cold Nanomatrix for Molecules and Molecular Complexes

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              Superfluidity within a small helium-4 cluster: the microscopic andronikashvili experiment

              The infrared spectrum of single oxygen carbon sulfide (OCS) molecules was measured inside large superfluid pure helium-4 droplets and nonsuperfluid pure helium-3 droplets, both consisting of about 10(4) atoms. In the helium-4 droplets, sharp rotational lines were observed, whereas in helium-3 only a broad peak was found. This difference is interpreted as evidence that the narrow rotational lines, which imply free rotations, are a microscopic manifestation of superfluidity. Upon addition of 60 helium-4 atoms to the pure helium-3 droplets, the same sharp rotational lines were found; it appears that 60 is the minimum number needed for superfluidity.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Science
                Science (New York, N.Y.)
                1095-9203
                0036-8075
                Aug 22 2014
                : 345
                : 6199
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
                [2 ] Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
                [3 ] Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
                [4 ] Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
                [5 ] Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. Max Planck Advanced Study Group at the Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
                [6 ] Department of Physics and Astronomy, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
                [7 ] Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. Max Planck Advanced Study Group at the Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
                [8 ] Advanced Light Source, LBNL, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
                [9 ] CFEL, DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
                [10 ] Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstraße, 85741 Garching, Germany.
                [11 ] Max Planck Advanced Study Group at the Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany. Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
                [12 ] PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 München, Germany.
                [13 ] Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
                [14 ] Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
                [15 ] Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
                [16 ] National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, LBNL, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
                [17 ] Physical Biosciences Division, LBNL, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Calfornia Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
                [18 ] Advanced Light Source, LBNL, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Department of Physics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
                [19 ] Physical Biosciences Division, LBNL, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
                [20 ] Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
                [21 ] Max Planck Advanced Study Group at the Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany. Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
                [22 ] Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. Max Planck Advanced Study Group at the Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany. James R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
                [23 ] Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA. PULSE Institute, Stanford University and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA. bostedt@slac.stanford.edu ogessner@lbl.gov vilesov@usc.edu.
                [24 ] Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. bostedt@slac.stanford.edu ogessner@lbl.gov vilesov@usc.edu.
                [25 ] Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA. Department of Physics and Astronomy, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA. bostedt@slac.stanford.edu ogessner@lbl.gov vilesov@usc.edu.
                Article
                345/6199/906
                10.1126/science.1252395
                25146284
                9b03d5e1-c773-4818-aeb8-5dba2794dc46
                Copyright © 2014, American Association for the Advancement of Science.
                History

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