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      Prevenção cardiovascular em pacientes com diabetes: revisão baseada em evidências Translated title: Cardiovascular prevention in diabetic patients: an evidenced-based review

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          Abstract

          Diabetes mellitus é uma doença associada com elevada incidência de doença aterotrombótica, especialmente cardíaca. Diversos estudos demonstraram que é possível reduzir a carga de doença nesta população através de estratégias preventivas. Este artigo revisa as evidências sobre a estimativa de risco cardiovascular nessa população e ações de prevenção, levando em consideração as principais recomendações na área. Modificações no estilo de vida, como dieta pobre em carboidratos, redução de peso e prática regular de atividade física, devem ser instituídas. Todo paciente de alto risco ou com evidências de doença cardiovascular deve manter sua glicemia < 100 mg/dl e A1c < 7%. É recomendado uso diário de AAS em doses baixas e estatinas para controle de lípides, tendo como alvo LDL < 100 mg/dl, HDL > 50 mg/dl e triglicerídios < 150 mg/dl. O controle da pressão arterial deve ser buscado com medidas não-farmacológicas e anti-hipertensivos, sendo inibidores do sistema renina-angiotensina indicados na maioria dos casos, especialmente naqueles pacientes com nefropatia, associado a diuréticos tiazídicos na sua maioria para alcançar níveis tensionais-alvo < 130/80 mmHg.

          Translated abstract

          Diabetes mellitus is a condition associated with cardiac complications, especially atherotrombotic disease. Several studies have demonstrated the importance of reducing cardiovascular burden on this population by adopting prevention strategies. This article revised clinical evidences on cardiovascular risk assessment and prevention actions, taking into consideration major recommendations in the field. Life-style changes with low-carbohydrate diet, weight control, and regular physical activity must be implemented. High-risk patients or with established cardiovascular disease ought to have glycemic levels < 100 mg/dL and A1c < 7%. It is recommended low dose of aspirin and statin for lipid management, targeting LDL < 100 mg/dL, HDL > 50 mg/dL and tryglicerides < 150 mg/dL. Blood pressure control with non-pharmacological and antihypertensive drugs must be instituted, favoring ACE inhibitors as first option, mainly in patients with renal disease, and combined with tiazides for the majority to achieve target blood pressure of < 130/80 mmHg.

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          Most cited references31

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          Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III)

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            Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins.

            Results of previous randomised trials have shown that interventions that lower LDL cholesterol concentrations can significantly reduce the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and other major vascular events in a wide range of individuals. But each separate trial has limited power to assess particular outcomes or particular categories of participant. A prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 individuals in 14 randomised trials of statins was done. Weighted estimates were obtained of effects on different clinical outcomes per 1.0 mmol/L reduction in LDL cholesterol. During a mean of 5 years, there were 8186 deaths, 14,348 individuals had major vascular events, and 5103 developed cancer. Mean LDL cholesterol differences at 1 year ranged from 0.35 mmol/L to 1.77 mmol/L (mean 1.09) in these trials. There was a 12% proportional reduction in all-cause mortality per mmol/L reduction in LDL cholesterol (rate ratio [RR] 0.88, 95% CI 0.84-0.91; p<0.0001). This reflected a 19% reduction in coronary mortality (0.81, 0.76-0.85; p<0.0001), and non-significant reductions in non-coronary vascular mortality (0.93, 0.83-1.03; p=0.2) and non-vascular mortality (0.95, 0.90-1.01; p=0.1). There were corresponding reductions in myocardial infarction or coronary death (0.77, 0.74-0.80; p<0.0001), in the need for coronary revascularisation (0.76, 0.73-0.80; p<0.0001), in fatal or non-fatal stroke (0.83, 0.78-0.88; p<0.0001), and, combining these, of 21% in any such major vascular event (0.79, 0.77-0.81; p<0.0001). The proportional reduction in major vascular events differed significantly (p<0.0001) according to the absolute reduction in LDL cholesterol achieved, but not otherwise. These benefits were significant within the first year, but were greater in subsequent years. Taking all years together, the overall reduction of about one fifth per mmol/L LDL cholesterol reduction translated into 48 (95% CI 39-57) fewer participants having major vascular events per 1000 among those with pre-existing CHD at baseline, compared with 25 (19-31) per 1000 among participants with no such history. There was no evidence that statins increased the incidence of cancer overall (1.00, 0.95-1.06; p=0.9) or at any particular site. Statin therapy can safely reduce the 5-year incidence of major coronary events, coronary revascularisation, and stroke by about one fifth per mmol/L reduction in LDL cholesterol, largely irrespective of the initial lipid profile or other presenting characteristics. The absolute benefit relates chiefly to an individual's absolute risk of such events and to the absolute reduction in LDL cholesterol achieved. These findings reinforce the need to consider prolonged statin treatment with substantial LDL cholesterol reductions in all patients at high risk of any type of major vascular event.
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              Association of systolic blood pressure with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 36): prospective observational study.

              To determine the relation between systolic blood pressure over time and the risk of macrovascular or microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Prospective observational study. 23 hospital based clinics in England, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. 4801 white, Asian Indian, and Afro-Caribbean UKPDS patients, whether randomised or not to treatment, were included in analyses of incidence; of these, 3642 were included in analyses of relative risk. Primary predefined aggregate clinical outcomes: any complications or deaths related to diabetes and all cause mortality. Secondary aggregate outcomes: myocardial infarction, stroke, lower extremity amputation (including death from peripheral vascular disease), and microvascular disease (predominantly retinal photocoagulation). Single end points: non-fatal heart failure and cataract extraction. Risk reduction associated with a 10 mm Hg decrease in updated mean systolic blood pressure adjusted for specific confounders. The incidence of clinical complications was significantly associated with systolic blood pressure, except for cataract extraction. Each 10 mm Hg decrease in updated mean systolic blood pressure was associated with reductions in risk of 12% for any complication related to diabetes (95% confidence interval 10% to 14%, P<0.0001), 15% for deaths related to diabetes (12% to 18%, P<0.0001), 11% for myocardial infarction (7% to 14%, P<0.0001), and 13% for microvascular complications (10% to 16%, P<0.0001). No threshold of risk was observed for any end point. In patients with type 2 diabetes the risk of diabetic complications was strongly associated with raised blood pressure. Any reduction in blood pressure is likely to reduce the risk of complications, with the lowest risk being in those with systolic blood pressure less than 120 mm Hg.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                abem
                Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia
                Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab
                Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                1677-9487
                March 2007
                : 51
                : 2
                : 312-318
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameHospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre orgdiv1Serviço de Cardiologia
                [02] Porto Alegre RS orgnameUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul orgdiv1Departamento de Medicina Interna orgdiv2Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina: Cardiologia
                Article
                S0004-27302007000200022 S0004-2730(07)05100222
                10.1590/S0004-27302007000200022
                9b262be1-ade3-4f09-b097-3b3602a03b0a

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 11 January 2007
                : 06 January 2007
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 32, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Artigos Originais, Revisões e Atualizações

                Primary prevention,Cardiovascular disease,Diabetes mellitus,Prevenção primária,Doença cardiovascular

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