Presencia de señales ateroscleróticas tempranas en adolescentes entre 10 y 19 años aparentemente sanos Translated title: Presence of early atherosclerotic signs in adolescents between 10 and 19 years apparently healthy

To examine changes in state-specific obesity and overweight prevalence among US children and adolescents between 2003 and 2007. Temporal cross-sectional analysis of the 2003 and 2007 National Survey of Children's Health data. The 50 states and the District of Columbia. A total of 46 707 and 44 101 children aged 10 to 17 years in 2003 and 2007, respectively. Prevalence and odds of obesity and overweight, differentials in which were examined by bivariate and logistic regression analyses. In 2007, 16.4% of US children were obese and 31.6% were overweight. The prevalence of obesity varied substantially across the states, with Mississippi having the highest prevalence (21.9%) and Oregon the lowest prevalence (9.6%). Overweight prevalence varied from a low of 23.1% for children in Utah to a high of 44.5% for children in Mississippi. Between 2003 and 2007, obesity prevalence increased by 10% for all US children and by 18% for female children, declined by 32% for children in Oregon, and doubled among female children in Arizona and Kansas. Children in Illinois, Tennessee, Kentucky, West Virginia, Georgia, and Kansas had more than twice the adjusted odds of being obese than children in Oregon. Individual, household, and neighborhood social and built environmental characteristics accounted for 45% and 42% of the state variance in childhood obesity and overweight, respectively. Substantial geographic disparities in childhood obesity and overweight exist, with an apparent shift toward higher prevalence in 2007 for several states. Marked geographic disparities indicate the potential for considerable reduction in US childhood obesity.

To establish whether maternal smoking in pregnancy is associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in mid-adulthood and whether associations are explained by postnatal influences. Participants were 8815 men and women in the 1958 British birth cohort, with data on CVD risk factors measured at 45 y. Maternal smoking was recorded at birth. Offspring of smokers had a higher adult BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, HbA1c and triglycerides on average than offspring of non-smokers; females had lower HDL cholesterol levels. Total cholesterol was unrelated to maternal smoking. Associations were abolished after adjustment for postnatal influences across life, except for BMI and waist circumference: offspring of smokers had a BMI greater by 0.83 kg/m(2) on average than offspring of non-smokers and a 1.8 cm larger waist circumference. Mean BMI and waist circumference increased with number of cigarettes that the mother smoked, but were not elevated in offspring whose mother had quit smoking before or early in pregnancy. Adults exposed to tobacco in utero had a more adverse CVD risk profile in mid-adulthood which appeared to reflect a lifetime accumulation of postnatal influences; whereas their higher BMI and central adiposity may be due in part to intrauterine mechanisms. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

INTRODUCCIÓN. En los últimos decenios, el sobrepeso y la obesidad han aumentado en los niños y adolescentes cubanos, por lo que son necesarios instrumentos sencillos que permitan analizar en la práctica asistencial las características y evolución de la obesidad. Por esta razón, se decidió desarrollar curvas de crecimiento de la circunferencia de la cintura en niños y adolescentes habaneros, dimensión que muestra una alta correlación con la masa grasa intraabdominal y, por ende, con un perfil lipídico aterogénico. MÉTODOS. Se estimaron valores de percentiles de esta circunferencia según grupos de edad y sexo, utilizando el método de transformación de potencia de tipo Box-Cox (BCPE), en 4 360 niños y adolescentes entre 7,5 y 19,0 años, que integraron las muestras de los estudios transversales de crecimiento y desarrollo efectuados en La Habana durante los años 1998 y 2005. RESULTADOS. La circunferencia de la cintura aumentó de forma significativa con la edad en uno y otro sexo. Los niños mostraron cifras superiores a las de las niñas y los valores que se obtuvieron tienden a ser inferiores a los reportados en otros estudios. CONCLUSIONES. Estas curvas podrían usarse provisionalmente con propósitos clínicos y epidemiológicos hasta que se disponga de referencias de carácter nacional para la identificación de niños escolares y adolescentes con riesgo de desarrollar trastornos relacionados con la adiposidad visceral.