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      Young Adult Mental Health Beyond the COVID-19 Era: Can Enlightened Policy Promote Long-Term Change?

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          Abstract

          The status of mental health for adolescents and young adults has aptly been termed a “crisis” across research, clinical, and policy quarters. Arguably, the status quo provision of mental health services for adolescents and young adults is neither acceptable nor salvageable in its current form. Instead, only a wholesale policy transformation of mental health sciences can address crises of this scope. Pandemic-related impacts on mental health, particularly among young adults, have clearly exposed the need for the mental healthcare field to develop a set of transformative priorities to achieve long overdue, systemic changes: (1) frequent mental health tracking, (2) increased access to mental health care, (3) working with and within communities, (4) collaboration across disciplines and stakeholders, (5) prevention-focused emphasis, (6) use of dimensional descriptions over categorical pronouncements, and (7) addressing systemic inequities. The pandemic required changes in mental healthcare that can and should be the beginning of long-needed reform, calling upon all mental health care disciplines to embrace innovation and relinquish outdated traditions.

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          Most cited references51

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          The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) developed and tested its first wave of adult self-reported health outcome item banks: 2005-2008.

          Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are essential when evaluating many new treatments in health care; yet, current measures have been limited by a lack of precision, standardization, and comparability of scores across studies and diseases. The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) provides item banks that offer the potential for efficient (minimizes item number without compromising reliability), flexible (enables optional use of interchangeable items), and precise (has minimal error in estimate) measurement of commonly studied PROs. We report results from the first large-scale testing of PROMIS items. Fourteen item pools were tested in the U.S. general population and clinical groups using an online panel and clinic recruitment. A scale-setting subsample was created reflecting demographics proportional to the 2000 U.S. census. Using item-response theory (graded response model), 11 item banks were calibrated on a sample of 21,133, measuring components of self-reported physical, mental, and social health, along with a 10-item Global Health Scale. Short forms from each bank were developed and compared with the overall bank and with other well-validated and widely accepted ("legacy") measures. All item banks demonstrated good reliability across most of the score distributions. Construct validity was supported by moderate to strong correlations with legacy measures. PROMIS item banks and their short forms provide evidence that they are reliable and precise measures of generic symptoms and functional reports comparable to legacy instruments. Further testing will continue to validate and test PROMIS items and banks in diverse clinical populations. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            Factors Associated with Depression, Anxiety, and PTSD Symptomatology During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Clinical Implications for U.S. Young Adult Mental Health

            Highlights • Young adults showed high rates of loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic • Loneliness, COVID-19 worry, and distress tolerance predicted mental health symptoms • Family support was associated with lower levels of depression and anxiety • Interventions may consider targeting loneliness and distress tolerance
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              Stress and Parenting during the Global COVID-19 Pandemic

              Background Stress and compromised parenting often place children at risk of abuse and neglect. Child maltreatment has generally been viewed as a highly individualistic problem by focusing on stressors and parenting behaviors that impact individual families. However, because of the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), families across the world are experiencing a new range of stressors that threaten their health, safety, and economic well-being. Objective This study examined the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in relation to parental perceived stress and child abuse potential. Participants and Setting Participants included parents (N = 183) with a child under the age of 18 years in the western United States. Method Tests of group differences and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were employed to assess the relationships among demographic characteristics, COVID-19 related stressors, mental health risk, protective factors, parental perceived stress, and child abuse potential. Results Greater COVID-19 related stressors and high anxiety and depressive symptoms are associated with higher parental perceived stress and child abuse potential. Conversely, greater parental support and perceived control during the pandemic may have a protective effect against perceived stress and child abuse potential. Results also indicate racial and ethnic differences in COVID-19 related stressors, but not in mental health risk, protective factors, perceived stress, or child abuse potential. Conclusion Findings suggest that although families experience elevated stressors from COVID-19, providing parental support and increasing perceived control may be promising intervention targets.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Policy Insights Behav Brain Sci
                Policy Insights Behav Brain Sci
                BBS
                spbbs
                Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences
                SAGE Publications (Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA )
                2372-7322
                2372-7330
                15 March 2023
                March 2023
                15 March 2023
                : 10
                : 1
                : 75-82
                Affiliations
                [1 ]University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
                [2 ] Ringgold 1438, universityUniversity of California, Berkeley, California, CA, USA;
                [3 ] Ringgold 8785, universityUniversity of California, San Francisco, California, CA, USA;
                [4 ] Ringgold 6111, universityUniversity of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA;
                [5 ] Ringgold 7831, universityUniversity of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA;
                [6 ] Ringgold 2331, universityPsychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA;
                Author notes
                [*]June Gruber, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 345 UCB, Muenzinger Hall #D321C, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. Email: june.gruber@ 123456colorado.edu
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7587-8665
                Article
                10.1177_23727322221150199
                10.1177/23727322221150199
                10018249
                36942264
                9bf1c933-a302-4652-88a1-c0a57ee1ad3a
                © The Author(s) 2023

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic or until permissions are revoked in writing. Upon expiration of these permissions, PMC is granted a perpetual license to make this article available via PMC and Europe PMC, consistent with existing copyright protections.

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                Effective Treatment
                Custom metadata
                ts19

                emerging adults,adolescents,mental health,clinical science,covid-19

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