Beyond muscle destruction: a systematic review of rhabdomyolysis for clinical practice

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Abstract

Background

Rhabdomyolysis is a clinical syndrome that comprises destruction of skeletal muscle with outflow of intracellular muscle content into the bloodstream. There is a great heterogeneity in the literature regarding definition, epidemiology, and treatment. The aim of this systematic literature review was to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the epidemiologic data, definition, and management of rhabdomyolysis.

Methods

A systematic search was conducted using the keywords “rhabdomyolysis” and “crush syndrome” covering all articles from January 2006 to December 2015 in three databases (MEDLINE, SCOPUS, and ScienceDirect). The search was divided into two steps: first, all articles that included data regarding definition, pathophysiology, and diagnosis were identified, excluding only case reports; then articles of original research with humans that reported epidemiological data (e.g., risk factors, common etiologies, and mortality) or treatment of rhabdomyolysis were identified. Information was summarized and organized based on these topics.

Results

The search generated 5632 articles. After screening titles and abstracts, 164 articles were retrieved and read: 56 articles met the final inclusion criteria; 23 were reviews (narrative or systematic); 16 were original articles containing epidemiological data; and six contained treatment specifications for patients with rhabdomyolysis.

Conclusion

Most studies defined rhabdomyolysis based on creatine kinase values five times above the upper limit of normal. Etiologies differ among the adult and pediatric populations and no randomized controlled trials have been done to compare intravenous fluid therapy alone versus intravenous fluid therapy with bicarbonate and/or mannitol.

Related collections

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Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common syndrome that is independently associated with increased mortality. A standardized definition is important to facilitate clinical care and research. The definition of AKI has evolved rapidly since 2004, with the introduction of the Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, and End-stage renal disease (RIFLE), AKI Network (AKIN), and Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) classifications. RIFLE was modified for pediatric use (pRIFLE). They were developed using both evidence and consensus. Small rises in serum creatinine are independently associated with increased mortality, and hence are incorporated into the current definition of AKI. The recent definition from the international KDIGO guideline merged RIFLE and AKIN. Systematic review has found that these definitions do not differ significantly in their performance. Health-care staff caring for children or adults should use standard criteria for AKI, such as the pRIFLE or KDIGO definitions, respectively. These efforts to standardize AKI definition are a substantial advance, although areas of uncertainty remain. The new definitions have enabled the use of electronic alerts to warn clinicians of possible AKI. Novel biomarkers may further refine the definition of AKI, but their use will need to produce tangible improvements in outcomes and cost effectiveness. Further developments in AKI definitions should be informed by research into their practical application across health-care providers. This review will discuss the definition of AKI and its use in practice for clinicians and laboratory scientists.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Joseph Varon: +1 713 66 91 670 , +1 713 66 91 671 , Joseph.Varon@uth.tmc.edu

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Crit Care

Title: Critical Care

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Print): 1364-8535

ISSN (Electronic): 1466-609X

Publication date (Electronic): 15 June 2016

Publication date PMC-release: 15 June 2016

Publication date (Print): 2016

Volume: 20

Electronic Location Identifier: 135

Affiliations

[ ]Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Facultad de Medicina y Psicología, Tijuana, Baja California Mexico

[ ]Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla, Facultad de Medicina, Puebla, Mexico

[ ]Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel

[ ]Hadassah-Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel

[ ]Foundation Surgical Hospital of Houston TX, United States, 7501 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77054 USA

Article

Publisher ID: 1314

DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1314-5

PMC ID: 4908773

PubMed ID: 27301374

SO-VID: 9c71d136-2b9d-4406-9296-efc72804378b

License:

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.