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      Teacher Technostress in the Chilean School System

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          Abstract

          The expanded use of information technology in education has led to the emergence of technostress due to a lack of adaptation to the technological environment. The purpose of this study is to identify the levels of technostress in primary and secondary education in 428 teachers using a RED-TIC questionnaire, of which skepticism, fatigue, anxiety, and inefficiency are the main components. For the empirical analysis of the data, principal component analysis (PCA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used. The results show that 12% of Chilean teachers participating in the study feel techno-fatigued, 13% feel techno-anxious, and 11% present both conditions. Male teachers show a higher incidence of techno-anxiety and techno-fatigue than their female peers. It can be concluded that the questionnaire used is a reliable tool to evaluate the presence of technostress, and it manifests itself importantly in its components of techno-anxiety and techno-fatigue in Chilean teachers.

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          Technostress: Technological Antecedents and Implications

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            A life-span theory of control.

            A life-span theory of development is presented that is based on the concepts of primary and secondary control. Primary control refers to behaviors directed at the external environment and involves attempts to change the world to fit the needs and desires of the individual. Secondary control is targeted at internal processes and serves to minimize losses in, maintain, and expand existing levels of primary control. Secondary control helps the individual to cope with failure and fosters primary control by channeling motivational resources toward selected action goals throughout the life course. Primary control has functional primacy over secondary control. An analysis of extensive and diverse literatures spanning infancy through old age shows that trade-offs between primary and secondary control undergo systematic shifts across the life course in response to the opportunities and constraints encountered.
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              The functioning and well-being of depressed patients. Results from the Medical Outcomes Study.

              We describe the functioning and well-being of patients with depression, relative to patients with chronic medical conditions or no chronic conditions. Data are from 11,242 outpatients in three health care provision systems in three US sites. Patients with either current depressive disorder or depressive symptoms in the absence of disorder tended to have worse physical, social, and role functioning, worse perceived current health, and greater bodily pain than did patients with no chronic conditions. The poor functioning uniquely associated with depressive symptoms, with or without depressive disorder, was comparable with or worse than that uniquely associated with eight major chronic medical conditions. For example, the unique association of days in bed with depressive symptoms was significantly greater than the comparable association with hypertension, diabetes, and arthritis. Depression and chronic medical conditions had unique and additive effects on patient functioning.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Int J Environ Res Public Health
                Int J Environ Res Public Health
                ijerph
                International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
                MDPI
                1661-7827
                1660-4601
                22 July 2020
                August 2020
                : 17
                : 15
                : 5280
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Departamento de Ergonomía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile; carlaestrada@ 123456udec.cl
                [2 ]Centro de Estudios e Investigación Enzo Faletto, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170022, Chile; dante.castillo@ 123456usach.cl
                [3 ]Facultad de Administración y Negocios, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Providencia 7500912, Chile
                [4 ]Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; joan.boada@ 123456urv.cat
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-2044
                Article
                ijerph-17-05280
                10.3390/ijerph17155280
                7432078
                32707973
                9cc3959c-5914-444f-9a06-0001830c13b0
                © 2020 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 29 May 2020
                : 15 July 2020
                Categories
                Article

                Public health
                anxiety,confirmatory factor analysis,education,fatigue,inefficacy,information overload,principal components analysis,skepticism

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