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      O efeito priming na avaliação de ações antiéticas: um estudo experimental Translated title: The priming effect on the appraisal of unethical behaviors: an experimental study

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          Abstract

          O gerenciamento do comportamento ético é um dos problemas mais importantes e complexos enfrentados pelas organizações (Stead, Worrell, & Stead, 1990). Pesquisas recentes revelam um modelo de duplo processo de tomada de decisão ética sendo integrado de componentes conscientes e subconscientes (Reynolds, 2006). Neste ponto, destaca-se o trabalho de Welsh e Ordonez (in press), que ressalta o papel do priming enquanto fenômeno cognitivo capaz de afetar de maneira inconsciente certos padrões de decisão dos indivíduos. Nessa perspectiva, o presente trabalho desenvolve dois experimentos que exploram o processo pelo qual o priming poderia ativar os padrões morais dos indivíduos alterando a forma pela qual avaliariam certas situações cotidianas. Os resultados de ambos os estudos demonstram a efetividade do efeito priming, o qual levou os participantes a avaliar situações fraudulentas como mais graves e quem as comete como merecedores de punições mais severas. Corroborando os resultados de estudos anteriores, observou-se uma correlação positiva entre a avaliação da gravidade da situação e a punição prescrita, ressaltando-se, porém, como o priming pode fortalecer essa relação. Como implicações práticas para as organizações, nota-se que a utilização do priming pode fortalecer o ambiente organizacional em termos éticos, fazendo com que seus membros sejam menos coniventes com qualquer atitude errônea que observem.

          Translated abstract

          Ethical behavior management is one of the most important and complex problems faced by organizations (Stead, Worrell, & Stead, 1990). Recent studies reveal a dual process model of ethical decision making, integrating both conscious and subconscious components (Reynolds, 2006). It is interesting to highlight the work by Welsh and Ordonez (in press) related to this topic, which emphasizes the role of priming, an unconscious cognitive phenomenon that can affect and even change some individual decision patterns. From this perspective, this paper develops two experimental studies that explore the process by which priming could activate individuals' moral standards, changing the way they would evaluate certain everyday situations. The findings of both studies demonstrate the effectiveness of the priming effect, which led participants to evaluate fraudulent situations as more serious and to prescribe harsher punishments for wrongdoers. Supporting the results of prior studies, we observed a positive correlation between the seriousness of the situation and the prescribed punishment. Furthermore, our results stressed how the priming effect can strengthen this relationship. As practical implications for organizations, the use of priming can strengthen the organizational environment in ethical terms, making members less acquiescent to any observed unethical behavior.

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          Experiencing physical warmth promotes interpersonal warmth.

          "Warmth" is the most powerful personality trait in social judgment, and attachment theorists have stressed the importance of warm physical contact with caregivers during infancy for healthy relationships in adulthood. Intriguingly, recent research in humans points to the involvement of the insula in the processing of both physical temperature and interpersonal warmth (trust) information. Accordingly, we hypothesized that experiences of physical warmth (or coldness) would increase feelings of interpersonal warmth (or coldness), without the person's awareness of this influence. In study 1, participants who briefly held a cup of hot (versus iced) coffee judged a target person as having a "warmer" personality (generous, caring); in study 2, participants holding a hot (versus cold) therapeutic pad were more likely to choose a gift for a friend instead of for themselves.
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            What have we been priming all these years? On the development, mechanisms, and ecology of nonconscious social behavior.

            Priming or nonconscious activation of social knowledge structures has produced a plethora of rather amazing findings over the past 25 years: priming a single social concept such as aggressive can have multiple effects across a wide array of psychological systems, such as perception, motivation, behavior, and evaluation. But we may have reached childhood's end, so to speak, and need now to move on to research questions such as how these multiple effects of single primes occur (the generation problem); next, how these multiple simultaneous priming influences in the environment get distilled into nonconscious social action that has to happen serially, in real time (the reduction problem). It is suggested that models of complex conceptual structures (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980), language use in real-life conversational settings (Clark, 1996), and speech production (Dell, 1986) might hold the key for solving these two important 'second-generation' research problems.
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              Moral awareness and ethical predispositions: investigating the role of individual differences in the recognition of moral issues.

              The impact of the role of individual ethical predispositions, preferences for utilitarian and formalistic ideals, on managerial moral awareness was examined in 2 studies. Results suggested that a manager's ethical predispositions influence his or her responses to the characteristics of the moral issue. Both utilitarianism and formalism shaped moral awareness, but formalism demonstrated a greater capacity to do so in that formalists recognized both harm and the violation of a behavioral norm as indicators of the moral issue, whereas utilitarians responded only to harm. These findings provide support for the basic arguments underlying theories of moral development and offer several implications for the study and practice of moral awareness in organizations.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rac
                Revista de Administração Contemporânea
                Rev. adm. contemp.
                Associação Nacional dos Programas de Pós-graduação em Administração (Curitiba )
                1982-7849
                February 2014
                : 18
                : 1
                : 59-77
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Fundação Getúlio Vargas Brazil
                [2 ] Fundação Getúlio Vargas Brazil
                Article
                S1415-65552014000100005
                10.1590/S1415-65552014000100005
                9d07559d-c70e-4112-819a-1f767c51e5e2

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1415-6555&lng=en
                Categories
                MANAGEMENT

                Management
                organizational behavior,priming,fraud,moral perception,comportamento organizacional,fraude,percepção moral

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