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      The role of environmental tobacco exposure and Helicobacter pylori infection in the risk of chronic tonsillitis in children : O papel da exposição ambiental do tabaco e infecção pelo Helicobacter pylori no risco de amigdalite crônica em crianças

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          ABSTRACT

          CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE:

          Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori) is a chronic infectious pathogen with high prevalence. This study investigated the interaction between environmental tobacco exposure and H. pylori infection on the incidence of chronic tonsillitis in Chinese children.

          DESIGN AND SETTING:

          Cross-sectional study performed in an outpatient clinic in China.

          METHODS:

          Pediatric patients with chronic tonsillitis were enrolled. H. pylori infection was determined according to the presence of H. pylori CagA IgG antibodies. Serum cotinine levels and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure were determined for all participants.

          RESULTS:

          There was no significant difference in H. pylori infection between the children with chronic tonsillitis and children free of disease, but there was a significant difference in ETS between the two groups (P = 0.011). We next studied the association between ETS and chronic tonsillitis based on H. pylori infection status. In the patients with H. pylori infection, there was a significant difference in ETS distribution between the chronic tonsillitis and control groups (P = 0.022). Taking the participants without ETS as the reference, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that those with high ETS had higher susceptibility to chronic tonsillitis (adjusted OR = 2.33; 95% CI: 1.67-3.25; adjusted P < 0.001). However, among those without H. pylori infection, ETS did not predispose towards chronic tonsillitis.

          CONCLUSION:

          Our findings suggest that tobacco exposure should be a putative mediator risk factor to chronic tonsillitis among children with H. pylori infection.

          RESUMO

          CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO:

          Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori) é um patógeno infeccioso crônico com alta prevalência. Este estudo investigou a interação entre exposição à fumaça ambiental do tabaco (FAT) e infecção pelo H. pylori sobre a incidência de amigdalite crônica em crianças chinesas.

          TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL:

          Estudo transversal desenvolvido num ambulatório na China.

          MÉTODOS:

          Pacientes pediátricos com amigdalite crônica foram recrutados. A infecção por H. pylori foi determinada segundo a presença de anticorpos H. pylori CagA IgG. Foi determinado o nível de cotinina sérica e exposição à FAT de todos os participantes.

          RESULTADOS:

          Não houve diferença significativa entre crianças com amigdalite crônica na infecção por H. pylori e sem amidalite, mas existia diferença significativa na FAT entre os dois grupos (P = 0,011). Em seguida, estudamos a associação entre FAT e amigdalite crônica com base no status de infecção por H. pylori. Nos pacientes com infecção por H. pylori, houve diferença significativa na distribuição de FAT entre os grupos de amigdalite crônica e controle (P = 0,022). Tomando os participantes sem FAT como referência, a análise de regressão logística multivariada mostrou que aqueles com alta FAT tinha maior susceptibilidade à amigdalite crônica (OR ajustado IC = 2,33, 95%: 1,67-3,25, ajustado P < 0,001). No entanto, naqueles sem infecção por H. pylori, a FAT não predispôs a amigdalite crônica.

          CONCLUSÃO:

          Nossos achados sugerem que a exposição ao tabaco é um fator de risco para amigdalite crônica em crianças com infecção por H. pylori.

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          Most cited references24

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          Helicobacter in the developing world.

          Helicobacter pylori in the developing world is associated with many unique challenges not encountered in an industrialized setting. The 20% prevalence of infection with H. pylori among adolescents in the United States pales in comparison to infection rates exceeding 90% by 5 years of age in parts of the developing world. While H. pylori within the developed world is associated with gastritis, which may lead to peptic ulcer and gastric carcinoma, the infection in the developing world appears to also be linked with chronic diarrhea, malnutrition and growth faltering as well as predisposition to other enteric infections, including typhoid fever and cholera. Once identified, treatment of H. pylori within the developing world presents increased difficulties due to the frequency of antibiotic resistance as well as the frequency of recurrence after successful treatment. Control, and possibly eradication, of H. pylori could likely be achieved through increased standards of living and improved public health, as it has in the industrialized world. However, these measures are distant objectives for most developing countries, making long-term control of the organism dependent on the development and administration of an effective vaccine.
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            Helicobacter pylori and extragastric diseases.

            Since the discovery of Helicobacter pylori, several studies have investigated the hypothetical role of this bacterium in various extragastric diseases, e.g. ischemic heart disease, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, iron-deficiency anaemia, and other disorders. The majority of these studies are epidemiological or eradication trials, but there are also case reports and in-vitro studies. Idiopathic thromobocytopenic purpura is the disease that shows the strongest link with H. pylori infection. There is also evidence of a role of CagA-positive H. pylori infection in iron-deficiency anaemia and ischemic heart disease. The association between H. pylori infection and other extragastric diseases remains controversial, being mostly supported by 'case reports', small pilot studies, or just in-vitro data. Further studies are needed to identify whether there is any pathological implication for H. pylori infection in these diseases.
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              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Detection of Helicobacter pylori and its CagA gene in tonsil and adenoid tissues by PCR.

              To determine the presence of Helicobacter pylori and, if detected, the prevalence of the CagA gene in adenotonsillectomy specimens by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A prospective clinical trial. Tertiary referral center. The study population comprised 23 patients who had undergone adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, or adenotonsillectomy under local or general anesthesia. Helicobacter pylori DNA was extracted from 3-mm-diameter tissue samples obtained from each tonsil and adenoid tissue specimens. The amplifications were performed for the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and CagA genes of H pylori in the samples of which H pylori DNA was detected. In examining all the samples, 7 (30%) of 23 patients were shown to be positive for H pylori DNA, 5 (71%) of whom also possessed the CagA gene. Tonsil and adenoid tissues may be an ecological niche of the mouth without regard to transient or permanent colonization. Oral-oral transmission may be a possible mode of spread of H pylori.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sao Paulo Med J
                Sao Paulo Med J
                Sao Paulo Med J
                São Paulo Medical Journal
                Associação Paulista de Medicina - APM
                1516-3180
                1806-9460
                05 January 2017
                2017
                : 135
                : 1
                : 29-33
                Affiliations
                [I ] originalMD. Attending Physician, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China.
                [II ] originalMD. Attending Physician, College of Special Education, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China.
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Wang Yanfei. Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, 661 HuangHe Second Road. Binzhou - Shandong 256603 - China. Tel. 13011792770. Fax. 86-535-4542564. E-mail: dr_wangyanfei@ 123456163.com

                Conflict of interest: None

                Article
                10.1590/1516-3180.2016.023602102016
                9969719
                28380174
                9d4896e0-7422-4722-a807-a1ec50a7bf63
                © 2022 by Associação Paulista de Medicina

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons license.

                History
                : 29 September 2016
                : 02 October 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 20, Pages: 05
                Categories
                Original Article

                helicobacter pylori,tonsillitis,tobacco smoke pollution,children,infection

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