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      Nematoides gastrintestinais e Cryptosporidium sp. em avestruzes e fatores associados à infecção no Polo Regional do Paraguaçu, Estado da Bahia Translated title: Gastrointestinal nematodes and "Cryptosporidium" sp. in ostriches and factors associated with infection in the Regional Pole of Paraguaçú, State of Bahia

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          Abstract

          Os parasitos são responsáveis por prejuízos econômicos na estrutiocultura, visto reduzirem a produção. Para determinar a frequência de nematoides gastrintestinais e de Cryptosporidium sp., em avestruzes, bem como os fatores associados a transmissão, foram colhidas amostras de fezes de 342 avestruzes, dos quais 188 eram adultos e 154 jovens, criados em sete plantéis no Polo Regional do Paraguaçu, para a contagem de ovos por grama de fezes, identificação de larvas de terceiro estádio de nematoides e de oocistos de Cryptosporidium sp. Os dados relacionados aos animais e ao ambiente foram obtidos por meio de visita às propriedades e entrevistas com os produtores. A associação entre a carga parasitária e às variáveis de manejo dos animais foi analisada pelo teste Qui-quadrado e por Razão de Odds, com intervalo de confiança de 95%. Em todos os plantéis, foram encontradas aves infectadas. Em 88,3% das amostras de fezes, foram detectados ovos de nematoides gastrointestinal, e, em 18,8%, oocistos de Cryptosporidium sp. Larvas de Libyostrongylus dentatus (98%), L.douglassii (2%) e Codiostomum sp. (2%) foram identificadas nas coproculturas. Fatores ambientais e de manejo estão associados com risco de enteroparasitos em criações de avestruz. As aves mantidas em piquetes de topografia acidentada, na ausência de outros animais ou que recebiam água procedente de poços ou cisternas, apresentavam menores chances de infecção por nematoides, enquanto para o gênero Cryptosporidium, as criações em áreas planas, com presença de outros animais nos piquetes e o fornecimento da água do rio aumentam as chances (2,7 vezes) de infecção.

          Translated abstract

          The parasites are responsible for economic losses in the ostrich, by reducing the production and productivity. To determine the frequency and the factors associated with transmission of gastrointestinal nematodes and Cryptosporidium sp. in ostriches, 342 faecal samples were collected from 188 adults and 154 young ostriches raised in seven herds in the Regional Pole of Paraguaçu. Samples were evaluated for fecal eggs count, nematodes third-stage larvae and Cryptosporidium sp oocysts frequency. The data related to animals and their environments have been obtained by visiting the properties and interviews with producers. The association between parasite burden and the variables of management of the animals was analyzed by chi-square and "Odds ratio", with an interval of 95%. In all flocks were found infected birds. In 88.3% of stool samples were detected eggs of gastrointestinal nematodes, and 18.8% Cryptosporidium sp oocysts. Libyostrongylus dentatus (98%), L.douglassii (2%) and Codiostomum sp (2%) larvae were identified in faecal cultures. Environmental and management factors were associated with risk enteric parasites in ostrich farms. It was found that the ostriches kept in paddocks of irregular topography, in the absence of other animals or receiving water coming from wells or cisterns had lower chances of infection by nematodes. As for the Cryptosporidium genus, the creation in flat areas, with the presence of other animals in the paddocks and the supply of river water increases the chances (2.7 times) of infection.

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          Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium: transmission, detection and identification.

          There are 10 valid species of Cryptosporidium and perhaps other cryptic species hidden under the umbrella of Cryptosporidium parvum. The oocyst stage is of primary importance for the dispersal, survival, and infectivity of the parasite and is of major importance for detection and identification. Because most oocysts measure 4-6 microm, appear nearly spherical, and have obscure internal structures, there are few or no morphometric features to differentiate species and in vitro cultivation does not provide differential data as for bacteria. Consequently, we rely on a combination of data from three tools: morphometrics, molecular techniques, and host specificity. Of 152 species of mammals reported to be infected with C. parvum or an indistinguishable organism, very few oocysts have ever been examined using more than one of these tools. This paper reviews the valid species of Cryptosporidium, their hosts and morphometrics; the reported hosts for the human pathogen, C. parvum; the mechanisms of transmission; the drinking water, recreational water, and food-borne outbreaks resulting from infection with C. parvum; and the microscopic, immunological, and molecular methods used to detect and identify species and genotypes.
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            A review of the importance of cryptosporidiosis in farm animals

            Cryptosporidium species are coccidian parasites with a large capacity to reproduce and to disseminate. Several species are known to infect farm animals, although the economic importance of cryptosporidiosis is highly host species dependent. This paper reviews the impact of cryptosporidial infections in livestock and poultry. For different farm animals, the Cryptosporidium spp. that occur, as well as their clinical and pathological features, and their interactions with other pathogens, are described. In addition, data concerning the prevalence, the transmission and the epidemiology of the disease are mentioned and a description of the economic losses associated with cryptosporidiosis in each of the hosts is given. Cryptosporidiosis seems to be mainly a problem in neonatal ruminants. Cryptosporidium parvum is considered to be an important agent in the aetiology of the neonatal diarrhoea syndrome of calves, lambs and goat kids, causing considerable direct and indirect economic losses. Avian cryptosporidiosis is an emerging health problem in poultry, associated with respiratory disease in chickens and other Galliformes, and with intestinal disease in turkeys and quails. Because of limited availability of effective drugs, the control of cryptosporidiosis relies mainly on hygienic measures and good management.
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              Parasites from farmed ostriches (Struthio camelus) and rheas (Rhea americana) in Europe.

              During a 4-year-period, more than 500 ostriches and several rheas, all born in European countries and raised in Spain and Portugal, have been analyzed for the presence of ectoparasites and endoparasites. A total of 29 parasite species have been found, most of them of the gastrointestinal tract. Some of the helminth species found may represent spureous parasitosis, as only the eggs (of an ascarid and a trematode) were found in some samples. From the organisms identified, the ectoparasites (lice-Struthiolipeurus rheae, S. nandu; mites-Dermoglyphus pachycnemis, Gabucinia bicaudata), helminths (cestoda-Houttuynia struthionis- and nematoda-Libyostrongylus sp., Codiostomum struthionis-) and the ciliate Balantidium struthionis are known as ratite specific parasites. Capillaria eggs and larvae were also found; there are no previous records of this parasite from ostriches, and the data available do not allow to do a temptative specific diagnosis. Among protozoa, most of the species now found are described for the first time in ratites. They include organisms also found in other birds (Trichomonas gallinae, Tetratrichomonas gallinarum, Chilomastix gallinarum, Spironucleus meleagridis and Pleuromonas jaculans), and organisms whose specific status cannot be established until further analysis are performed (Cryptosporidium sp., Eimeria sp. and/or Isospora sp., Entamoeba sp. of the one-nucleate and of the eight-nucleate mature cyst groups, Endolimax sp., Iodamoeba sp., Monocercomonas sp., Retortamonas sp., Giardia sp., Blastocystis sp. and euglenids).
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rbspa
                Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal
                Rev. bras. saúde prod. anim.
                UFBA - Universidade Federal da Bahia (Salvador, BA, Brazil )
                1519-9940
                December 2012
                : 13
                : 4
                : 1054-1065
                Affiliations
                [04] Salvador Bahia orgnameUniversidade Federal da Bahia orgdiv1Hospital de Medicina Veterinária orgdiv2Laboratório de Diagnóstico das Parasitoses dos Animais Brasil
                [01] Salvador Bahia orgnameUniversidade Federal da Bahia orgdiv1Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Brasil
                [02] Salvador Bahia orgnameUniversidade Federal da Bahia orgdiv1Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia orgdiv2Departamento de Patologia e Clínicas Brasil
                [05] Salvador Bahia orgnameUniversidade Federal da Bahia orgdiv1Faculdade de Farmácia Brasil
                [03] Salvador Bahia orgnameFundação Oswaldo Cruz orgdiv1Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz Brasil
                Article
                S1519-99402012000400017
                10.1590/S1519-99402012000400017
                9daf0357-281e-4169-88c5-0eda22bb0d21

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 14 September 2011
                : 05 October 2012
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 35, Pages: 12
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Patologia e Clínicas

                birds,coccídio,parasitos,ratitas,Strongylida,Struthio camelus,aves,ratites,parasites,coccidian

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