The Long and the Short of It: A Comparison of the Effectiveness of Parent–Child Care (PC–CARE) and Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT)

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Abstract

Research shows that parenting interventions struggle with keeping clients in treatment. The purpose of this study was to compare attrition and rates of improvement in caregiver-child dyads participating in either Parent–Child Care (PC–CARE), a brief, 7-session parenting intervention or Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) over a 7–week period. Participants were 204 caregiver-child dyads referred to either PC-CARE (N = 69) or PCIT (N = 135) between 2016 and 2019. Children were aged 2–7 years, referred for treatment by county Behavioral Health Services, and Medicaid funded. Findings showed that PC–CARE participants were 2.5 times more likely than PCIT participants to complete 7 sessions, all other things being equal, and showed significantly greater rates of improvement during this timeframe in reported child behavior problems and parenting stress. In conclusion, compared with PCIT, PC–CARE showed greater retention and rate of improvement in child and parent outcomes over a comparable time period.

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Most cited references 25

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A meta-analytic review of components associated with parent training program effectiveness.

Jill Filene, Henry J. Kaminski, BLANCA L. VALLE … (2008)

This component analysis used meta-analytic techniques to synthesize the results of 77 published evaluations of parent training programs (i.e., programs that included the active acquisition of parenting skills) to enhance behavior and adjustment in children aged 0-7. Characteristics of program content and delivery method were used to predict effect sizes on measures of parenting behaviors and children's externalizing behavior. After controlling for differences attributable to research design, program components consistently associated with larger effects included increasing positive parent-child interactions and emotional communication skills, teaching parents to use time out and the importance of parenting consistency, and requiring parents to practice new skills with their children during parent training sessions. Program components consistently associated with smaller effects included teaching parents problem solving; teaching parents to promote children's cognitive, academic, or social skills; and providing other, additional services. The results have implications for selection and strengthening of existing parent training programs.

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Family experience of barriers to treatment and premature termination from child therapy.

Alan Kazdin, Lisa Holland, Michael Crowley (1997)

Barriers to participation in treatment were proposed as a basis for dropping out of treatment among children seen in outpatient therapy. Families (N = 242) of children referred for treatment for oppositional, aggressive, and antisocial behavior participated. The main findings were that (a) barriers to participation in treatment contributed significantly to dropping out of therapy; (b) perceived barriers to treatment were not explained by family, parent, and child characteristics that also predicted dropping out; and (c) among families at high risk for dropping out of treatment, the perception of few barriers attenuated risk. Parent perceptions of the difficulties of participating in treatment (including stressors and obstacles associated with treatment, perceptions that treatment is not very relevant, and a poor relationship with the therapist) influenced who dropped out.

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Triple P-Positive Parenting Program: towards an empirically validated multilevel parenting and family support strategy for the prevention of behavior and emotional problems in children.

M Sanders (1999)

This paper outlines the theoretical and empirical foundations of a unique multilevel parenting and family support strategy designed to reduce the prevalence of behavioral and emotional problems in preadolescent children. The program known as Triple P-Positive Parenting Program is a multilevel system of family intervention, which provides five levels of intervention of increasing strength. These interventions include a universal population-level media information campaign targeting all parents, two levels of brief primary care consultations targeting mild behavior problems, and two more intensive parent training and family intervention programs for children at risk for more severe behavioral problems. The program aims to determine the minimally sufficient intervention a parent requires in order to deflect a child away from a trajectory towards more serious problems. The self-regulation of parental skill is a central construct in the program. The program uses flexible delivery modalities (including individual face-to-face, group, telephone assisted, and self-directed programs) to tailor the strength of the intervention to the requirements of individual families. Its multidisciplinary, preventive and community-wide focus gives the program wide reach, permitting the targeting of destigmatized access points through primary care services for families who are reluctant to participate in parenting skills programs. The available empirical evidence supporting the efficacy of the program is discussed and its implications for research on dissemination are discussed.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Susan G. Timmer:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1005-952X

stimmer@ucdavis.edu

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Child Psychiatry Hum Dev

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Child Psychiatry Hum Dev

Title: Child Psychiatry and Human Development

Publisher: Springer US (New York )

ISSN (Print): 0009-398X

ISSN (Electronic): 1573-3327

Publication date (Electronic): 29 September 2021

Publication date PMC-release: 29 September 2021

Publication date (Print): 2023

Volume: 54

Issue: 1

Pages: 255-265

Affiliations

GRID grid.27860.3b, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9684, Department of Pediatrics, CAARE Diagnostic and Treatment Center, , University of California at Davis, Children’s Hospital, ; 3671 Business Dr., Sacramento, CA 95820 USA

Author information

Susan G. Timmer http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1005-952X

Article

Publisher ID: 1257

DOI: 10.1007/s10578-021-01257-9

PMC ID: 9867662

PubMed ID: 34586551

SO-VID: 9def2ed1-64e3-44eb-a5b3-2b56fb884081

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Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

Date accepted : 11 September 2021

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry

Keywords: brief parenting intervention,child behavior problems,treatment outcomes,treatment fidelity,treatment comparison

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry

Keywords: brief parenting intervention, child behavior problems, treatment outcomes, treatment fidelity, treatment comparison

The Long and the Short of It: A Comparison of the Effectiveness of Parent–Child Care (PC–CARE) and Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT)

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Chinese Journal of School Health

Most cited references 25

A meta-analytic review of components associated with parent training program effectiveness.

Family experience of barriers to treatment and premature termination from child therapy.

Triple P-Positive Parenting Program: towards an empirically validated multilevel parenting and family support strategy for the prevention of behavior and emotional problems in children.

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