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      Laser Spectroscopic Sensors for the Development of Anthropomorphic Robot Sensitivity

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          Abstract

          The development of underwater robotics sensitivity, which is based on the sensors of laser spectroscopy methods, have been discussed. The ways to improve Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) and Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) methods were investigated in order to develop and create laser sensitivity for underwater robotics. A brief overview is done in the article, where LIF and LIBS spectroscopy in underwater robotics are used as spectroscopy sensors in order to investigate underwater environments by means of underwater vehicles. Limit of Detection (LoD) of oil and oil product solutions in the seawater have been detected by means of nanosecond and femtosecond spectroscopy LIF. All results, which had been received by laser pulses of different duration, were compared. The same experiments have been provided in order to measure concentrations of elements in the seawater and solutions by the LIBS method. It was discovered that the LoD of a group of elements was reduced when the femtosecond LIBS was used. Anthropomorphic complexes were under discussion in order to adopt laser spectroscopy sensors for underwater environments. The submersible module, which was constructed to investigate and examine laser spectroscopy sensors, has been described.

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          Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), part II: review of instrumental and methodological approaches to material analysis and applications to different fields.

          Nicoló Omenetto, Martin Hahn (2012)
          The first part of this two-part review focused on the fundamental and diagnostics aspects of laser-induced plasmas, only touching briefly upon concepts such as sensitivity and detection limits and largely omitting any discussion of the vast panorama of the practical applications of the technique. Clearly a true LIBS community has emerged, which promises to quicken the pace of LIBS developments, applications, and implementations. With this second part, a more applied flavor is taken, and its intended goal is summarizing the current state-of-the-art of analytical LIBS, providing a contemporary snapshot of LIBS applications, and highlighting new directions in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, such as novel approaches, instrumental developments, and advanced use of chemometric tools. More specifically, we discuss instrumental and analytical approaches (e.g., double- and multi-pulse LIBS to improve the sensitivity), calibration-free approaches, hyphenated approaches in which techniques such as Raman and fluorescence are coupled with LIBS to increase sensitivity and information power, resonantly enhanced LIBS approaches, signal processing and optimization (e.g., signal-to-noise analysis), and finally applications. An attempt is made to provide an updated view of the role played by LIBS in the various fields, with emphasis on applications considered to be unique. We finally try to assess where LIBS is going as an analytical field, where in our opinion it should go, and what should still be done for consolidating the technique as a mature method of chemical analysis. © 2012 Society for Applied Spectroscopy
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            Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), part I: review of basic diagnostics and plasma-particle interactions: still-challenging issues within the analytical plasma community.

            David W. Hahn, Nicoló Omenetto (2010)
            Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has become a very popular analytical method in the last decade in view of some of its unique features such as applicability to any type of sample, practically no sample preparation, remote sensing capability, and speed of analysis. The technique has a remarkably wide applicability in many fields, and the number of applications is still growing. From an analytical point of view, the quantitative aspects of LIBS may be considered its Achilles' heel, first due to the complex nature of the laser-sample interaction processes, which depend upon both the laser characteristics and the sample material properties, and second due to the plasma-particle interaction processes, which are space and time dependent. Together, these may cause undesirable matrix effects. Ways of alleviating these problems rely upon the description of the plasma excitation-ionization processes through the use of classical equilibrium relations and therefore on the assumption that the laser-induced plasma is in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). Even in this case, the transient nature of the plasma and its spatial inhomogeneity need to be considered and overcome in order to justify the theoretical assumptions made. This first article focuses on the basic diagnostics aspects and presents a review of the past and recent LIBS literature pertinent to this topic. Previous research on non-laser-based plasma literature, and the resulting knowledge, is also emphasized. The aim is, on one hand, to make the readers aware of such knowledge and on the other hand to trigger the interest of the LIBS community, as well as the larger analytical plasma community, in attempting some diagnostic approaches that have not yet been fully exploited in LIBS.
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              Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Elemental Analysis in Environmental, Cultural Heritage and Space Applications: A Review of Methods and Results

              Rosalba Gaudiuso, Marcella Dell’Aglio, Olga De Pascale … (2010)
              Analytical applications of Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), namely optical emission spectroscopy of laser-induced plasmas, have been constantly growing thanks to its intrinsic conceptual simplicity and versatility. Qualitative and quantitative analysis can be performed by LIBS both by drawing calibration lines and by using calibration-free methods and some of its features, so as fast multi-elemental response, micro-destructiveness, instrumentation portability, have rendered it particularly suitable for analytical applications in the field of environmental science, space exploration and cultural heritage. This review reports and discusses LIBS achievements in these areas and results obtained for soils and aqueous samples, meteorites and terrestrial samples simulating extraterrestrial planets, and cultural heritage samples, including buildings and objects of various kinds.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sensors (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sensors (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): sensors
                Title: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1424-8220
                Publication date (Electronic): 23 May 2018
                Publication date Collection: June 2018
                Volume: 18
                Issue: 6
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1680
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Maritime State University Named after G.I. Nevelskoy, Verkhneportovaya 50A St., 690059 Vladivostok, Russia; dima.prsk@ 123456mail.ru (D.P.); publicarkbenefit@ 123456gmail.com (A.C.); il_bukin@ 123456mail.ru (I.B.); vita_yurchik@ 123456mail.ru (V.Y.)
                [2 ]Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanova 8 St., 690091 Vladivostok, Russia; golik_s@ 123456mail.ru (S.G.); mayor@ 123456iacp.dvo.ru (A.M.)
                [3 ]Institute of Automation and Control Processes FEBRAS, Radio 5 St., 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: o_bukin@ 123456mail.ru ; Tel.: +79046271230
                Article
                Publisher ID: sensors-18-01680
                DOI: 10.3390/s18061680
                PMC ID: 6021898
                PubMed ID: 29882902
                SO-VID: 9e4bade1-4478-4480-a245-f9c1fb68cf57
                Copyright © © 2018 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 07 April 2018
                Date accepted : 19 May 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: laser induced fluorescence,laser induced breakdown spectroscopy,limit of detection,sensors,underwater robotics,artificial hand,femtosecond laser pulse,oil,seawater
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: laser induced fluorescence, laser induced breakdown spectroscopy, limit of detection, sensors, underwater robotics, artificial hand, femtosecond laser pulse, oil, seawater

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