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      State of air quality in twin cities of Pakistan: Islamabad and Rawalpindi

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Atmospheric pollution has emerged as a disaster in developing countries like Pakistan. The aim of this study was to observe and analyze the air quality status of the twin cities of Pakistan, Rawalpindi and Islamabad, with a combined population of 15 million. The concentration of criteria pollutants along with CO2 was measured at five different locations within these cities. Sampling was done for 24 h at each location using a mobile air quality monitoring lab. The overall concentrations of SO2, NOx and O3 were found to be within the permissible limits of the US-EPA standards and the National Environmental Quality Standards of Pakistan, with higher PM10 and CO2 concentrations at most locations. The highest concentrations of PM10 were observed at Saddar, Rawalpindi (184 µg m-3), while minimum values were observed at the Blue Area of Islamabad (121 µg m-3). The concentration of CO2 during the study period was found to be high in almost all locations, with Saddar, Rawalpindi, indicating the highest value (409 ppm). The concentrations of CO2 at the Blue Area and the National University of Science and Technology of Islamabad were observed to be as high as 385.3 and 246 ppm, respectively. The behavior of pollutants with different meteorological parameters was also studied. For source identification, backward air trajectories were also generated using the HYSPLIT model.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN La contaminación atmosférica se ha perfilado como un desastre en países en desarrollo como Pakistán. El objetivo el presente estudio fue observar y analizar el estado de la calidad del aire en las ciudades paquistaníes gemelas de Rawalpindi e Islamabad, cuya población combinada es de 15 millones de habitantes. Se midieron las concentraciones de los principales contaminantes junto con las de CO2 en cinco sitios dentro de esas ciudades. El muestreo se realizó durante 24 h en cada sitio, utilizando un laboratorio móvil para medir la calidad del aire. Se encontraron concentraciones totales de SO2, NOx y O3 dentro de los límites permitidos de acuerdo con los estándares de la Agencia de Protección Ambiental de EUA y los Estándares Nacionales de Calidad Ambiental de Pakistán. Las concentraciones más altas de PM10 se observaron en Saddar, Rawalpindi (184 µg m-3), en tanto que los valores mínimos se obtuvieron en la Zona Azul de Islamabad (121 µg m-3). Durante el periodo de estudio, las concentraciones de CO2 permanecieron altas en casi todos los sitios, con un valor máximo de 409 ppm. En la Zona Azul y la Universidad Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Islamabad se observaron concentraciones de CO2 de hasta 385.3 y 246 ppm, respectivamente. También se estudió el comportamiento de los contaminantes con diferentes parámetros meteorológicos. Para identificar las fuentes se utilizaron trayectorias inversas generadas con el modelo HYSPLIT.

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          Most cited references23

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          Association of fine particulate matter from different sources with daily mortality in six U.S. cities.

          Previously we reported that fine particle mass (particulate matter [less than and equal to] 2.5 microm; PM(2.5)), which is primarily from combustion sources, but not coarse particle mass, which is primarily from crustal sources, was associated with daily mortality in six eastern U.S. cities (1). In this study, we used the elemental composition of size-fractionated particles to identify several distinct source-related fractions of fine particles and examined the association of these fractions with daily mortality in each of the six cities. Using specific rotation factor analysis for each city, we identified a silicon factor classified as soil and crustal material, a lead factor classified as motor vehicle exhaust, a selenium factor representing coal combustion, and up to two additional factors. We extracted daily counts of deaths from National Center for Health Statistics records and estimated city-specific associations of mortality with each source factor by Poisson regression, adjusting for time trends, weather, and the other source factors. Combined effect estimates were calculated as the inverse variance weighted mean of the city-specific estimates. In the combined analysis, a 10 microg/m(3) increase in PM(2.5) from mobile sources accounted for a 3.4% increase in daily mortality [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.7-5.2%], and the equivalent increase in fine particles from coal combustion sources accounted for a 1.1% increase [CI, 0.3-2.0%). PM(2.5) crustal particles were not associated with daily mortality. These results indicate that combustion particles in the fine fraction from mobile and coal combustion sources, but not fine crustal particles, are associated with increased mortality.
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            Residential proximity to traffic and adverse birth outcomes in Los Angeles county, California, 1994-1996.

            We reported previously that increases in ambient air pollution in the Los Angeles basin increased the risk of low weight and premature birth. However, ambient concentrations measured at monitoring stations may not take into account differential exposure to pollutants found in elevated concentrations near heavy-traffic roadways. Therefore, we used an epidemiologic case-control study design to examine whether residential proximity to heavy-traffic roadways influenced the occurrence of low birth weight (LBW) and/or preterm birth in Los Angeles County between 1994 and 1996. We mapped subject home locations at birth and estimated exposure to traffic-related air pollution using a distance-weighted traffic density (DWTD) measure. This measure takes into account residential proximity to and level of traffic on roadways surrounding homes. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) and risk ratios (RRs) for being LBW and/or preterm per quintile of DWTD. The clearest exposure-response pattern was observed for preterm birth, with an RR of 1.08 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.01-1.15] for infants in the highest DWTD quintile. Although higher risks were observed for LBW infants, exposure-response relations were less consistent. Examining the influence of season, we found elevated risks primarily for women whose third trimester fell during fall/winter months (OR(term LBW) = 1.39; 95% CI, 1.16-1.67; OR(preterm and LBW) = 1.24; 95% CI = 1.03-1.48; RR(all preterm) = 1.15; 95% CI, 1.05-1.26), and exposure-response relations were stronger for all outcomes. This result is consistent with elevated pollution in proximity to sources during more stagnant air conditions present in winter months. Our previous research and these latest results suggest exposure to traffic-related pollutants may be important.
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              Human health risks in megacities due to air pollution

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                atm
                Atmósfera
                Atmósfera
                Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, UNAM (México, DF, Mexico )
                0187-6236
                2019
                : 32
                : 1
                : 71-84
                Affiliations
                [1] Islamabad Islamabad Capital Territory orgnameInstitute of Space Technology Pakistan
                [3] Islamabad orgnameTheoretical Research institute Pakistan Academy of Sciences Pakistan
                [4] Punjab orgnamePakistan Institute of Fashion and Design Pakistan
                [2] Bangkok Central Thailand orgnameAssumption University of Thailand Thailand
                Article
                S0187-62362019000100071
                10.20937/atm.2019.32.01.06
                9f41f7f1-49a5-4099-8c4a-1a8a3e394d64

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 10 July 2017
                : 04 December 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 27, Pages: 14
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Articles

                twin cities,PM10,ozone,air quality,urban air pollution
                twin cities, PM10, ozone, air quality, urban air pollution

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