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      Distribución de tipo capsular y sensibilidad antimicrobiana de Streptococcusagalactiae productores de infecciones en Argentina Translated title: Distribution of capsular types and antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus agalactiae causing infections in Argentina

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          Abstract

          Streptococcus agalactiae es una bacteria colonizante que ha emergido en los últimos años como causante de infecciones neonatales, perinatales y en pacientes con compromiso inmunológico. La caracterización del polisacárido capsular, de las proteínas de superficie (c, X, R), así como el análisis de marcadores moleculares, permiten su clasificación en serotipos y genotipos. Esto resulta de utilidad para fines epidemiológicos y para estudios de virulencia de la bacteria. El objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer los serotipos prevalentes y la sensibilidad antimicrobiana de aislamientos provenientes de procesos infecciosos en pacientes de distintas zonas de Argentina. En la muestra analizada se obtuvo predominio de los serotipos Ia y III, seguido de II y IV. Todas las cepas resultaron sensibles a penicilina. Se observó 6% de resistencia a eritromicina y 4,5% a clindamicina. En 3 de las cepas se detectó fenotipo MLS (resistencia a macrólidos, lincosaminas y estreptograminas) constitutiva y en una cepa, resistencia MLS inducible. Los resultados logrados en este estudio destacan la importancia de efectuar un relevamiento de los serotipos más frecuentes en nuestro país en vistas a la prevención de esta infección con una vacuna que realmente sea eficaz, como así también el conocimiento de la sensibilidad antimicrobiana para lograr éxito terapéutico en los tratamientos.

          Translated abstract

          Streptococcus agalactiae is an endogenous bacterium that has emerged in the last 20 years as an etiological agent in both neonatal and perinatal infections, and in immunocompromised patients. The differentiation of the capsular polysaccharide, the presence of surface proteins c, X, R, and molecular methods allow classification in serotypes and genotypes. This identification is a useful tool for epidemiological purposes and virulence studies in this bacterium. The objective of this work was to study the serotypes and the antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates recovered from invasive diseases in different areas of Argentina. In the analyzed sample a fair predominance of Ia and III serotypes was recovered, followed by II and IV serotypes. All the isolates were found to be sensitive to penicillin. A 6% of resistance to erythromycin and a 4.5% to clindamycin were detected. In three of the isolates, constitutive MLS phenotype (resistance to macrolides, lincosamins and streptogramins) was founded, while in the remaining one, inducible MLS phenotype was detected. These results stress the importance of conducting a surveillance of the prevalent serotypes in our country with the goal of future prevention of this disease with an effective vaccine. The knowledge of the antimicrobial susceptibility profile will be also important to obtain therapeutic success in the treatment.

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          Most cited references27

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          Nocardia species: host-parasite relationships.

          The nocardiae are bacteria belonging to the aerobic actinomycetes. They are an important part of the normal soil microflora worldwide. The type species, Nocardia asteroides, and N. brasiliensis, N. farcinica, N. otitidiscaviarum, N. nova, and N. transvalensis cause a variety of diseases in both normal and immunocompromised humans and animals. The mechanisms of pathogenesis are complex, not fully understood, and include the capacity to evade or neutralize the myriad microbicidal activities of the host. The relative virulence of N. asteroides correlates with the ability to inhibit phagosome-lysosome fusion in phagocytes; to neutralize phagosomal acidification; to detoxify the microbicidal products of oxidative metabolism; to modify phagocyte function; to grow within phagocytic cells; and to attach to, penetrate, and grow within host cells. Both activated macrophages and immunologically specific T lymphocytes constitute the major mechanisms for host resistance to nocardial infection, whereas B lymphocytes and humoral immunity do not appear to be as important in protecting the host. Thus, the nocardiae are facultative intracellular pathogens that can persist within the host, probably in a cryptic form (L-form), for life. Silent invasion of brain cells by some Nocardia strains can induce neurodegeneration in experimental animals; however, the role of nocardiae in neurodegenerative diseases in humans needs to be investigated.
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            Group B streptococcus bacteremia in nonpregnant adults.

            We report the largest series of group B streptococcal (GBS) bacteremia cases reported at a single institution. During a 10-year period (1985-1994), 90 GBS bacteremia cases (0.95% of significant bacteremic episodes) were detected. We describe the 51 episodes that occurred in nonpregnant adults for which enough clinical and microbiological information is available. Incidence of GBS has significantly increased during the study period (from 0.08 per 1000 admissions in 1985 to 0.3 per 1000 in 1994). Mean age of patients was 63.3 years (range, 21-88 years) and 53% were men. The most common underlying conditions were liver diseases (35.3%), malignancies (33.3%), and diabetes mellitus (27.5%). Only 2 patients did not have any underlying condition and no patient with the human immunodeficiency virus had GBS bacteremia in our series. The origins of the episodes of bacteremia were as follows: primary bacteremia (39.2%), skin and soft tissue infections (15.7%), urinary tract infections (11.8%), pneumonia (9.8%), peritonitis (9.8%), catheter infection (5.9%), postendoscopic bacteremia (5.9%), and endocarditis (2%). All isolates were susceptible to penicillin G potassium, ampicillin sodium, cephalothin sodium, cefotaxime sodium, and vancomycin hydrochloride. One ciprofloxacin hydrochloride-resistant strain was discovered and resistance to erythromycin stearate increased from 8% in 1992 to 18% in 1994. The overall mortality rate was 33.3% and deaths were considered related to the GBS bacteremia in 25.5% of the cases. Factors for poor prognosis were central nervous system diseases, alcoholism, shock, renal failure, and consciousness impairment. Group B streptococcus is a rising cause of bacteremia in elderly patients with severe underlying conditions. It conveys high morbidity and mortality rates. Macrolides should not be used empirically for treatment of patients with penicillin allergies.
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              Inducible resistance to macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramin type B antibiotics: the resistance phenotype, its biological diversity, and structural elements that regulate expression--a review.

              B Weisblum (1985)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
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                Journal
                ram
                Revista argentina de microbiología
                Rev. argent. microbiol.
                Asociación Argentina de Microbiología (Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires )
                1851-7617
                June 2004
                : 36
                : 2
                : 63-67
                Affiliations
                [1 ] UNR Argentina
                [2 ] Hosp. Posadas
                [3 ] Hosp. R. Saenz Peña
                [4 ] Hosp. R. Saenz Peña
                [5 ] Clín. Reina Fabiola
                [6 ] Hosp. Gral. de Agudos Parmenio Piñero
                [7 ] Hosp. San V. de Paul Brazil
                [8 ] Hosp. Dr. M. Quiroga
                [9 ] San. 7 de Marzo
                [10 ] Hosp. Español Spain
                [11 ] Hosp. Pcial Centenario
                [12 ] Centro Médico IPAM Argentina
                Article
                S0325-75412004000200002
                9fa18e9b-028d-4a5a-8e0e-ca5d6a18b862

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Argentina

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0325-7541&lng=en
                Categories
                MICROBIOLOGY

                Microbiology & Virology
                Streptococcus agalactiae,serotypes,antimicrobial susceptibility,estreptococos grupo B,serotipos,sensibilidad antimicrobiana

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