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      Fear of Return to Sport Scale (FRESS): a new instrument for use in injured professional or recreational athletes in rehabilitation

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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Objective

          To create, develop, and validate the Fear of Return to Sport Scale (FRESS) for injured professional or recreational athletes in rehabilitation.

          Methods

          This is a questionnaire validation study. To determine the structural and construct validity, 192 injured professional or recreational athletes of different sports modalities were included. We used a subsample with 32 participants to analyze test–retest reliability and internal consistency. Main outcome measures were the FRESS, Numerical Pain Scale (NPS), Pain-Related Catastrophizing Thoughts Scale (PCTS), Self-Estimated Functional Inability because of Pain Questionnaire for athletes (SEFIP-sport), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).

          Results

          Initially, 25 questions were proposed by the specialists. Of these, 4 questions were excluded due to similarity with others. After applying the content validity coefficient, 8 questions were excluded for presenting a value lower than 0.80, leaving 13 items. The exploratory factor analysis identified the one-dimensional structure of the FRESS with 13 items. However, five items were excluded for presenting high covariance with the error of several other FRESS items in the confirmatory factor analysis. Thus, the final version of the FRESS was defined with one domain and eight items. Regarding the construct validity, we observed a magnitude of correlation varying between 0.257 and 0.470 between the FRESS and the instruments used here. We observed adequate test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.896) and internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.868). Ceiling and floor effects were not observed.

          Conclusion

          The FRESS with one domain and eight items has acceptable measurement properties and its use in clinical and sports environments to measure the fear of returning to sport in injured professional or recreational athletes is supported.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11332-022-00975-4.

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          Is Open Access

          COSMIN guideline for systematic reviews of patient-reported outcome measures

          C. A. C. Prinsen, L. Mokkink, L Bouter … (2018)
          Purpose Systematic reviews of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) differ from reviews of interventions and diagnostic test accuracy studies and are complex. In fact, conducting a review of one or more PROMs comprises of multiple reviews (i.e., one review for each measurement property of each PROM). In the absence of guidance specifically designed for reviews on measurement properties, our aim was to develop a guideline for conducting systematic reviews of PROMs. Methods Based on literature reviews and expert opinions, and in concordance with existing guidelines, the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) steering committee developed a guideline for systematic reviews of PROMs. Results A consecutive ten-step procedure for conducting a systematic review of PROMs is proposed. Steps 1–4 concern preparing and performing the literature search, and selecting relevant studies. Steps 5–8 concern the evaluation of the quality of the eligible studies, the measurement properties, and the interpretability and feasibility aspects. Steps 9 and 10 concern formulating recommendations and reporting the systematic review. Conclusions The COSMIN guideline for systematic reviews of PROMs includes methodology to combine the methodological quality of studies on measurement properties with the quality of the PROM itself (i.e., its measurement properties). This enables reviewers to draw transparent conclusions and making evidence-based recommendations on the quality of PROMs, and supports the evidence-based selection of PROMs for use in research and in clinical practice.
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            Confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data: Comparing robust maximum likelihood and diagonally weighted least squares.

            Cheng-Hsien Li (2016)
            In confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), the use of maximum likelihood (ML) assumes that the observed indicators follow a continuous and multivariate normal distribution, which is not appropriate for ordinal observed variables. Robust ML (MLR) has been introduced into CFA models when this normality assumption is slightly or moderately violated. Diagonally weighted least squares (WLSMV), on the other hand, is specifically designed for ordinal data. Although WLSMV makes no distributional assumptions about the observed variables, a normal latent distribution underlying each observed categorical variable is instead assumed. A Monte Carlo simulation was carried out to compare the effects of different configurations of latent response distributions, numbers of categories, and sample sizes on model parameter estimates, standard errors, and chi-square test statistics in a correlated two-factor model. The results showed that WLSMV was less biased and more accurate than MLR in estimating the factor loadings across nearly every condition. However, WLSMV yielded moderate overestimation of the interfactor correlations when the sample size was small or/and when the latent distributions were moderately nonnormal. With respect to standard error estimates of the factor loadings and the interfactor correlations, MLR outperformed WLSMV when the latent distributions were nonnormal with a small sample size of N = 200. Finally, the proposed model tended to be over-rejected by chi-square test statistics under both MLR and WLSMV in the condition of small sample size N = 200.
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              Using Multivariate Statistics

              Barbara G. Tabachnick, Linda S. Fidell (2007)
              After the Introduction Chapter, the second Chapter gives a guide to the multivariate techniques that are covered in this book and palces them in context with the more familiare univeriate and bivariate statistics where possible. Included in this chapter is a flow chart that organizes statistical techniques on the basis of the major research questions asked. Chapter three provides a brief review of univariate and bivariate statistical techniques for those who are interested. Chapter four deals with the assumptions an limitations of mulitvariate statistical methods. Assessment and violation of assumptions are discussed, along with alternatives for dealing with violations when they occur. This chapter is also meant to be referred to often, and the reader ist guided back to it frequently in Chapters five through sixteen an eighteen (online). Chapters five through sixteen and eighteen (online) cover specific multivariate techniques. They include descriptive, conceptual sections as well as a guided tour through a real-world data set for which the analysis is apporopriate. The tour includes an example of a Results section describing the outcome of the statistical analysis apporopriate for submissions to a professional journal. Each technique chapter includes a comparision of cumputer programs. Chapter seventeen is an attempt to integrate univariate, bivariate, and multivariate statistics through the multivariate general linear model. The common elements underlying all the techniques are emphasized, rather than the differences among them. This Chapter is ment to pull together the material in the remainder of the book with a conceptual rather than pragmatic emphasis.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                André Pontes-Silva:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3983-5342
                contato.andrepsilva@gmail.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sport Sci Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sport Sci Health
                Title: Sport Sciences for Health
                Publisher: Springer Milan (Milan )
                ISSN (Print): 1824-7490
                ISSN (Electronic): 1825-1234
                Publication date (Electronic): 5 August 2022
                Pages: 1-10
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.411204.2, ISNI 0000 0001 2165 7632, Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, ; São Luís, MA Brazil
                [2 ]GRID grid.412295.9, ISNI 0000 0004 0414 8221, Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Science, Universidade Nove de Julho, ; São Paulo, SP Brazil
                [3 ]GRID grid.411204.2, ISNI 0000 0001 2165 7632, Postgraduate Program in Adult Health, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, ; Avenida dos Portugueses, 1966, Vila Bacanga, São Luís, MA 65080805 Brazil
                [4 ]GRID grid.411204.2, ISNI 0000 0001 2165 7632, Department of Physical Education, , Universidade Federal do Maranhão, ; São Luís, MA Brazil
                [5 ]GRID grid.442152.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0414 7982, Postgraduate Program in Environment, Universidade Ceuma, ; São Luís, MA Brazil
                [6 ]GRID grid.442152.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0414 7982, Postgraduate Program in Programs Management and Health Services, Universidade Ceuma, ; São Luís, MA Brazil
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0509-7978
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6627-7537
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3983-5342
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6738-7420
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6090-1570
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6457-2794
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9497-8928
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6140-0177
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5403-8248
                Article
                Publisher ID: 975
                DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-00975-4
                PMC ID: 9362635
                SO-VID: a0e56343-3de6-4267-8300-d98464578f46
                Copyright © © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag Italia S.r.l., part of Springer Nature 2022
                License:

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                Date received : 20 January 2022
                Date accepted : 26 May 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: This work was partially supported by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
                Award ID: 001
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                Keywords: reproducibility of results,sports,surveys,questionnaires
                Data availability:
                Keywords: reproducibility of results, sports, surveys, questionnaires

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