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      Correction: Parentage of Overlapping Offspring of an Arboreal-Breeding Frog with No Nest Defense: Implications for Nest Site Selection and Reproductive Strategy

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          Abstract

          There are errors in Table 1. Please see the correct Table 1 here. 10.1371/journal.pone.0128483.t001 Table 1 Parentage analyses of overlapping offspring of three consecutive years using COLONY. Parentage 2007 2008 2009 Subtotal Same ♂ and ♀ 0 0 1 1 Same ♂, partially same ♀ 0 0 1 1 Same ♂, different ♀ 0 2 1 3 Partial same ♂ and ♀ 0 0 1 1 Partial same ♂, different ♀ 2 2 4 8 Different ♂, same ♀ 0 0 2 2 Different ♂, partial same ♀ 0 0 1 1 Different ♂ and ♀ 2 2 3 7 4 6 14 24 Partial same ♂: a male is the genetic father of the two cohorts of offspring while at least one of them is not completely sired by him. Partial same ♀: a female is the genetic mother of the two cohorts of offspring while at least one of them is not completely produced by her. In other words, at least one of the cohorts may contain offspring from several egg clutches with similar developmental stages which were mistakenly identified as one egg clutch when collected.

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          Parentage of Overlapping Offspring of an Arboreal-Breeding Frog with No Nest Defense: Implications for Nest Site Selection and Reproductive Strategy

          Overlapping offspring occurs when eggs are laid in a nest containing offspring from earlier reproduction. Earlier studies showed that the parentage is not always obvious due to difficulties in field observation and/or alternative breeding tactics. To unveil the parentage between overlapping offspring and parents is critical in understanding oviposition site selection and the reproductive strategies of parents. Amplectant pairs of an arboreal-breeding frog, Kurixalus eiffingeri, lay eggs in tadpole-occupied nests where offspring of different life stages (embryos and tadpoles) coexist. We used five microsatellite DNA markers to assess the parentage between parents and overlapping offspring. We also tested the hypothesis that the male or female frog would breed in the same breeding site because of the scarcity of nest sites. Results showed varied parentage patterns, which may differ from the phenomenon of overlapping egg clutches reported earlier. Parentage analyses showed that only 58 and 25% of the tadpole-occupied stumps were reused by the same male and female respectively, partially confirming our prediction. Re-nesting by the same individual was more common in males than females, which is most likely related to the cost of tadpole feeding and/or feeding schemes of females. On the other hand, results of parentage analyses showed that about 42 and 75% of male and female respectively bred in tadpole-occupied stumps where tadpoles were genetically unrelated. Results of a nest-choice experiment revealed that 40% of frogs chose tadpole-occupied bamboo cups when we presented identical stumps, without or with tadpoles, suggesting that the habitat saturation hypothesis does not fully explain why frogs used the tadpole-occupied stumps. Several possible benefits of overlapping offspring with different life stages were proposed. Our study highlights the importance of integrating molecular data with field observations to better understand the reproductive biology and nest site selection of anuran amphibians.
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            Journal
            PLoS One
            PLoS ONE
            plos
            plosone
            PLoS ONE
            Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
            1932-6203
            11 May 2015
            2015
            : 10
            : 5
            : e0128483
            Article
            PONE-D-15-18867
            10.1371/journal.pone.0128483
            4427502
            25961576
            a10ce185-978d-4bbd-af73-7ca81227d0e7
            Copyright @ 2015

            This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

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