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      Restorative Treatment of Amelogenesis Imperfecta with Prefabricated Composite Veneers

      case-report
      Author(s): 1 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 2 ,
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Case Reports in Dentistry
      Publisher: Hindawi

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          Abstract

          This case report presents the use of prefabricated composite veneers for restorative treatment of amelogenesis imperfecta (AI). This technique bridges the gap between a conventional direct technique and a conventional indirect technique and introduces an alternative semidirect restorative technique for AI patients. The aim of this case report is to describe restoration of a young girl with severe AI using prefabricated composite veneers and to discuss the benefits and limitations of this technique compared to the alternative restorative techniques.

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          Amelogenesis Imperfecta; Genes, Proteins, and Pathways

          Claire Smith, James Poulter, Agne Antanaviciute … (2017)
          Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is the name given to a heterogeneous group of conditions characterized by inherited developmental enamel defects. AI enamel is abnormally thin, soft, fragile, pitted and/or badly discolored, with poor function and aesthetics, causing patients problems such as early tooth loss, severe embarrassment, eating difficulties, and pain. It was first described separately from diseases of dentine nearly 80 years ago, but the underlying genetic and mechanistic basis of the condition is only now coming to light. Mutations in the gene AMELX, encoding an extracellular matrix protein secreted by ameloblasts during enamel formation, were first identified as a cause of AI in 1991. Since then, mutations in at least eighteen genes have been shown to cause AI presenting in isolation of other health problems, with many more implicated in syndromic AI. Some of the encoded proteins have well documented roles in amelogenesis, acting as enamel matrix proteins or the proteases that degrade them, cell adhesion molecules or regulators of calcium homeostasis. However, for others, function is less clear and further research is needed to understand the pathways and processes essential for the development of healthy enamel. Here, we review the genes and mutations underlying AI presenting in isolation of other health problems, the proteins they encode and knowledge of their roles in amelogenesis, combining evidence from human phenotypes, inheritance patterns, mouse models, and in vitro studies. An LOVD resource (http://dna2.leeds.ac.uk/LOVD/) containing all published gene mutations for AI presenting in isolation of other health problems is described. We use this resource to identify trends in the genes and mutations reported to cause AI in the 270 families for which molecular diagnoses have been reported by 23rd May 2017. Finally we discuss the potential value of the translation of AI genetics to clinical care with improved patient pathways and speculate on the possibility of novel treatments and prevention strategies for AI.
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            Amelogenesis imperfecta

            Peter JM Crawford, Michael Aldred, Agnès Bloch-Zupan (2007)
            Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) represents a group of developmental conditions, genomic in origin, which affect the structure and clinical appearance of enamel of all or nearly all the teeth in a more or less equal manner, and which may be associated with morphologic or biochemical changes elsewhere in the body. The prevalence varies from 1:700 to 1:14,000, according to the populations studied. The enamel may be hypoplastic, hypomineralised or both and teeth affected may be discoloured, sensitive or prone to disintegration. AI exists in isolation or associated with other abnormalities in syndromes. It may show autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, sex-linked and sporadic inheritance patterns. In families with an X-linked form it has been shown that the disorder may result from mutations in the amelogenin gene, AMELX. The enamelin gene, ENAM, is implicated in the pathogenesis of the dominant forms of AI. Autosomal recessive AI has been reported in families with known consanguinity. Diagnosis is based on the family history, pedigree plotting and meticulous clinical observation. Genetic diagnosis is presently only a research tool. The condition presents problems of socialisation, function and discomfort but may be managed by early vigorous intervention, both preventively and restoratively, with treatment continued throughout childhood and into adult life. In infancy, the primary dentition may be protected by the use of preformed metal crowns on posterior teeth. The longer-term care involves either crowns or, more frequently these days, adhesive, plastic restorations.
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              Degradation, fatigue, and failure of resin dental composite materials.

              Alexei J. Drummond (2008)
              The intent of this article is to review the numerous factors that affect the mechanical properties of particle- or fiber-filler-containing indirect dental resin composite materials. The focus will be on the effects of degradation due to aging in different media, mainly water and water and ethanol, cyclic loading, and mixed-mode loading on flexure strength and fracture toughness. Several selected papers will be examined in detail with respect to mixed and cyclic loading, and 3D tomography with multi-axial compression specimens. The main cause of failure, for most dental resin composites, is the breakdown of the resin matrix and/or the interface between the filler and the resin matrix. In clinical studies, it appears that failure in the first 5 years is a restoration issue (technique or material selection); after that time period, failure most often results from secondary decay.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Andrea Scribante:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2760-0124
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Case Rep Dent
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Case Rep Dent
                Journal ID (publisher-id): CRID
                Title: Case Reports in Dentistry
                Publisher: Hindawi
                ISSN (Print): 2090-6447
                ISSN (Electronic): 2090-6455
                Publication date Collection: 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 2 August 2021
                Volume: 2021
                Electronic Location Identifier: 3192882
                Affiliations
                1DENS Centro Medico Lombardo, Milan 20124, Italy
                2Unit of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Konstantinos Michalakis

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1690-4904
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2760-0124
                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2021/3192882
                PMC ID: 8355976
                PubMed ID: 34394996
                SO-VID: a16be539-5b14-4705-861d-dbf2f3884ebf
                Copyright © Copyright © 2021 Claudio Novelli et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 20 May 2021
                Date revision received : 14 July 2021
                Date accepted : 24 July 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Case Report

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry

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