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      Presence and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in aquatic environments: A mini-review

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          Abstract

          The introduction of SARS-CoV-2 into water bodies via sewage raises public health concerns. For the assessment of public health risks, it is necessary to know the presence and persistence of infectious SARS-CoV-2 in water and wastewater. The present mini-review documents the occurrence and decay rates of viable infectious SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-2 RNA in different water matrices including wastewater, river water, groundwater, tap water, and seawater. Persistence of viable SARS-CoV-2 is mainly temperature dependent. A rapid inactivation of infectious SARS-CoV-2 is found in river water, sea water, and wastewater compared to tap water. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was found to be considerably more stable than infectious SARS-CoV-2, indicating that the environmental detection of RNA alone does not prove risk of infection. Persistence assays need to consider physicochemical and biological water composition as well as the effect of detergents, enzymes, and filtering particulate matter.

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          Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Different Types of Clinical Specimens

          Wenling Wang, Yanli Xu, Ruqin Gao … (2020)
          This study describes results of PCR and viral RNA testing for SARS-CoV-2 in bronchoalveolar fluid, sputum, feces, blood, and urine specimens from patients with COVID-19 infection in China to identify possible means of non-respiratory transmission.
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            Molecular and serological investigation of 2019-nCoV infected patients: implication of multiple shedding routes

            Wei Zhang, Rong-Hui Du, Bei Li … (2020)
            ABSTRACT In December 2019, a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) caused an outbreak in Wuhan, China, and soon spread to other parts of the world. It was believed that 2019-nCoV was transmitted through respiratory tract and then induced pneumonia, thus molecular diagnosis based on oral swabs was used for confirmation of this disease. Likewise, patient will be released upon two times of negative detection from oral swabs. However, many coronaviruses can also be transmitted through oral–fecal route by infecting intestines. Whether 2019-nCoV infected patients also carry virus in other organs like intestine need to be tested. We conducted investigation on patients in a local hospital who were infected with this virus. We found the presence of 2019-nCoV in anal swabs and blood as well, and more anal swab positives than oral swab positives in a later stage of infection, suggesting shedding and thereby transmitted through oral–fecal route. We also showed serology test can improve detection positive rate thus should be used in future epidemiology. Our report provides a cautionary warning that 2019-nCoV may be shed through multiple routes.
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              First confirmed detection of SARS-CoV-2 in untreated wastewater in Australia: A proof of concept for the wastewater surveillance of COVID-19 in the community

              Warish Ahmed, Nicola Angel, Janette Edson … (2020)
              Infection with SARS-CoV-2, the etiologic agent of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, is accompanied by the shedding of the virus in stool. Therefore, the quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater affords the ability to monitor the prevalence of infections among the population via wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). In the current work, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was concentrated from wastewater in a catchment in Australia and viral RNA copies were enumerated using reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) resulting in two positive detections within a six day period from the same wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The estimated RNA copy numbers observed in the wastewater were then used to estimate the number of infected individuals in the catchment via Monte Carlo simulation. Given the uncertainty and variation in the input parameters, the model estimated a median range of 171 to 1090 infected persons in the catchment, which is in reasonable agreement with clinical observations. This work highlights the viability of WBE for monitoring infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, in communities. The work also draws attention to the need for further methodological and molecular assay validation for enveloped viruses in wastewater.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Curr Opin Environ Sci Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Curr Opin Environ Sci Health
                Title: Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health
                Publisher: The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.
                ISSN (Electronic): 2468-5844
                Publication date PMC-release: 31 July 2022
                Publication date (Print): October 2022
                Publication date (Electronic): 31 July 2022
                Volume: 29
                Page: 100385
                Affiliations
                [1]Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author: Mahlknecht, Jürgen
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2468-5844(22)00060-5 Publisher ID: 100385
                DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2022.100385
                PMC ID: 9382236
                PubMed ID: 35992049
                SO-VID: a190378b-51e7-467d-9ac8-c9a12c8e6fee
                Copyright © © 2022 The Author(s)
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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                Subject: Article

                Keywords: sars-cov-2,water,wastewater,stability,decay rate
                Data availability:
                Keywords: sars-cov-2, water, wastewater, stability, decay rate

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