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      Chronic Enteropathy In Canines: Prevalence, Impact And Management Strategies

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          Abstract

          In this article, the studies about the prevalence of chronic enteropathy are reviewed as well as the information regarding short- and long-term prognosis for dogs treated with the three most common therapies; these include dietary modification, antibiotics, and immunosuppressants. Although the data available are limited, most studies support a good to excellent long-term response in dogs that have a successful food trial, whereas the response is poor with antibiotics or on-going treatment is required to retain remission. There is a risk of antimicrobial resistance developing with inappropriate use of antimicrobials such as in these situations. The published information highlights the need for alternative strategies to antibiotic treatment to manipulate the GI microbiome, and in the final part of this article studies on the use of probiotic for the treatment of chronic enteropathy are reviewed.

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          Most cited references52

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          Chronic enteropathies in dogs: evaluation of risk factors for negative outcome.

          K Allenspach, B. Wieland, A Gröne … (2015)
          Certain variables that are routinely measured during the diagnostic evaluation of dogs with chronic enteropathies will be predictive for outcome and a new clinical disease activity index incorporating these variables can be applied to predict outcome of disease. Seventy dogs were entered into a sequential treatment trial with elimination diet (FR, food-responsive group) followed by immunosuppressive treatment with steroids if no response was seen with the dietary trial alone (ST, steroid-treatment group). A 3rd group consisted of dogs with panhypoproteinemia and ascites (PLE, protein-losing enteropathy) that were treated with immunosuppressive doses of steroids. Three years of follow-up information was available for all dogs. Clinicopathologic variables were tested for their ability to predict negative outcome, defined as euthanasia due to refractoriness to treatment. Different scoring systems including different combinations of these variables were evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Thirteen of 70 (18%) dogs were euthanized because of intractable disease. Univariate analysis identified a high clinical activity index, high endoscopic score in the duodenum, hypocobalaminemia (<200 ng/L) and hypoalbuminemia (<20 g/L) as risk factors for negative outcome. Based on the factors identified by logistic regression and ROC curve analysis, a new clinical scoring index (CCECAI) was defined that predicts negative outcome in dogs suffering from chronic enteropathies.
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            Alteration of the fecal microbiota and serum metabolite profiles in dogs with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease

            Yasushi Minamoto, Cristiane C Otoni, Samantha Steelman … (2015)
            Idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a common cause of chronic gastrointestinal (GI) disease in dogs. The combination of an underlying host genetic susceptibility, an intestinal dysbiosis, and dietary/environmental factors are suspected as main contributing factors in the pathogenesis of canine IBD. However, actual mechanisms of the host-microbe interactions remain elusive. The aim of this study was to compare the fecal microbiota and serum metabolite profiles between healthy dogs (n = 10) and dogs with IBD before and after 3 weeks of medical therapy (n = 12). Fecal microbiota and metabolite profiles were characterized by 454-pyrosequencing of 16 S rRNA genes and by an untargeted metabolomics approach, respectively. Significantly lower bacterial diversity and distinct microbial communities were observed in dogs with IBD compared to the healthy control dogs. While Gammaproteobacteria were overrepresented, Erysipelotrichia, Clostridia, and Bacteroidia were underrepresented in dogs with IBD. The functional gene content was predicted from the 16 S rRNA gene data using PICRUSt, and revealed overrepresented bacterial secretion system and transcription factors, and underrepresented amino acid metabolism in dogs with IBD. The serum metabolites 3-hydroxybutyrate, hexuronic acid, ribose, and gluconic acid lactone were significantly more abundant in dogs with IBD. Although a clinical improvement was observed after medical therapy in all dogs with IBD, this was not accompanied by significant changes in the fecal microbiota or in serum metabolite profiles. These results suggest the presence of oxidative stress and a functional alteration of the GI microbiota in dogs with IBD, which persisted even in the face of a clinical response to medical therapy.
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              Mortality in north american dogs from 1984 to 2004: an investigation into age-, size-, and breed-related causes of death.

              J. Fleming, K Creevy, D E L Promislow (2015)
              Anecdotal beliefs and limited research suggest variable patterns of mortality in age, size, and breed cohorts of dogs. Detailed knowledge of mortality patterns would facilitate development of tailored health-maintenance practices and contribute to the understanding of the genetic basis of disease. To describe breed-specific causes of death in all instances of canine mortality recorded in the Veterinary Medical Database (VMDB)(a) between 1984 and 2004. We hypothesized that causes of death, categorized by organ system (OS) or pathophysiologic process (PP), would segregate by age, body mass, and breed. 74,556 dogs from the VMDB for which death was the outcome of the recorded hospital visit. Retrospective study. Causes of death from abstracted VMDB medical records were categorized by OS and PP and analyzed by age, breed, and breed-standard mass of dog. Causes of death, categorized by OS or PP, segregated by age, breed, and breed-standard mass. Young dogs died more commonly of gastrointestinal and infectious causes whereas older dogs died of neurologic and neoplastic causes. Increasing age was associated with an increasing risk of death because of cardiovascular, endocrine, and urogenital causes, but not because of hematopoietic or musculoskeletal causes. Dogs of larger breeds died more commonly of musculoskeletal and gastrointestinal causes whereas dogs of smaller breeds died more commonly of endocrine causes. Not all causes of death contribute equally to mortality within age, size, or breed cohorts. Documented patterns now provide multiple targets for clinical research and intervention. Copyright © 2011 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Vet Med (Auckl)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Vet Med (Auckl)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): VMRR
                Title: Veterinary Medicine : Research and Reports
                Publisher: Dove
                ISSN (Electronic): 2230-2034
                Publication date (Electronic): 06 December 2019
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Volume: 10
                Pages: 203-214
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne , Werribee, Victoria, Australia
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Julien Rodolphe Samuel Dandrieux Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne , Werribee, Victoria, Australia Email julien.dandrieux@unimelb.edu.au
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6308-8749
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5527-7096
                Article
                Publisher ID: 162774
                DOI: 10.2147/VMRR.S162774
                PMC ID: 6902862
                PubMed ID: 31828025
                SO-VID: a3ba473e-713b-4396-a33e-543899fff723
                Copyright © © 2019 Dandrieux and Mansfield.
                License:

                This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

                History
                Date received : 22 March 2019
                Date accepted : 08 September 2019
                Page count
                Tables: 5, References: 61, Pages: 12
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: chronic enteropathy,inflammatory bowel disease,dog,treatment,probiotic,diet
                Data availability:
                Keywords: chronic enteropathy, inflammatory bowel disease, dog, treatment, probiotic, diet

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