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      Physical fitness, cardiometabolic risk and heart rate recovery in Chilean children Translated title: Condición física, riesgo cardiometabólico y frecuencia cardiaca de recuperación en escolares chilenos

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          Abstract

          Abstract Objective: To evaluate the association of physical fitness (PF) and cardiometabolic risk (CMR) with heart rate recovery time (ΔHRR) in Chilean school aged children. Methods: Cross-sectional study in 478 6-9 years old children participants. We measured weight, height and abdominal circumference. Fitness was measured using the 6MWT, grip strength and leap forward without impulse tests; PF z-scores were calculated. Heart rate (HR) was monitored and recorded during the 6MWT. ΔHRR was calculated as the difference between HR before and one minute after test; blood glucose, insulin, triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol were measured. Waist circumference, CMR-z and HOMA were calculated. Results: Absolute ΔHRR and CMR-z measures in normal weight children were lower than in obese children (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). In obese children, ΔHRR was also associated with grip strength/weight (r = -0.6, p < 0.01) and PF-z (r = -0.6, p = 0.04). Insulin and HOMA were significantly related to ΔHRR (r = 0.3, p < 0.001), especially in overweight and obese children. ΔHRR values were not associated with CMR-z. Conclusions: A significant relationship between ΔHRR with fitness and insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese school children was found. We consider that these results support the need to measure these variables in overweight and obese children, in order to strengthen the need for early prevention.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Objetivo: establecer la asociación entre la condición física (CF) y el riesgo cardiometabólico (RCM) con el tiempo de recuperación de la frecuencia cardiaca (ΔFCR) en escolares chilenos. Métodos: estudio trasversal de 478 escolares de 6 a 9 años de ambos sexos. Se evaluó peso, talla y perímetro abdominal. Se midió CF global mediante T6M, fuerza de agarre y salto hacia adelante sin impulso; se calculó z-CF. Se midió frecuencia cardiaca (FC) con sensor durante el T6M. Calculamos ΔFCRecup como la diferencia entre la FC en reposo y la FC al minuto de finalizado el test, glicemia, insulinemia, trigliceridemia y colesterol-HD. Perímetro de cintura, z-RCM y HOMA fueron calculados. Resultados: los escolares normopeso tuvieron menor ∆FCRecup y z-RCM que los obesos (p < 0,05 and p < 0,01 respectivamente). En niños obesos, el ∆FCRecup se asoció a fuerza de agarre/peso (r = -0,6, p < 0,01) y z-CF (r = -0,6, p = 0,04). Un menor ∆FCRecup se relacionó con menores niveles de insulinemia y HOMA (r = 0,3, p < 0,001), especialmente en el grupo de escolares con sobrepeso y obesidad. El ΔFCRecup no fue asociado a z-RCM. Conclusión: existe asociación entre el ΔFCRecup y la condición física y sensibilidad insulínica en escolares con sobrepeso y/u obesidad, lo que refuerza la necesidad de la medición de esta variable en niños con sobrepeso y obesidad para una prevención temprana.

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          Most cited references38

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            The prevalence and severity of obesity have increased in recent years, likely the result of complex interactions between genes, dietary intake, physical activity, and the environment. The expression of genes favoring the storage of excess calories as fat, which have been selected for over many millennia and are relatively static, has become maladaptive in a rapidly changing environment that minimizes opportunities for energy expenditure and maximizes opportunities for energy intake. The consequences of childhood and adolescent obesity include earlier puberty and menarche in girls, type 2 diabetes and increased incidence of the metabolic syndrome in youth and adults, and obesity in adulthood. These changes are associated with cardiovascular disease as well as with several cancers in adults, likely through insulin resistance and production of inflammatory cytokines. Although concerns have arisen regarding environmental exposures, there have been no formal expert recommendations. Currently, the most important factors underlying the obesity epidemic are the current opportunities for energy intake coupled with limited energy expenditure.
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              Lipid screening and cardiovascular health in childhood.

              This clinical report replaces the 1998 policy statement from the American Academy of Pediatrics on cholesterol in childhood, which has been retired. This report has taken on new urgency given the current epidemic of childhood obesity with the subsequent increasing risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease in older children and adults. The approach to screening children and adolescents with a fasting lipid profile remains a targeted approach. Overweight children belong to a special risk category of children and are in need of cholesterol screening regardless of family history or other risk factors. This report reemphasizes the need for prevention of cardiovascular disease by following Dietary Guidelines for Americans and increasing physical activity and also includes a review of the pharmacologic agents and indications for treating dyslipidemia in children.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                February 2018
                : 35
                : 1
                : 44-49
                Affiliations
                [1] Santiago orgnameUniversity of Chile orgdiv1Faculty of Medicine orgdiv2Department of Nutrition Chile
                [3] Santiago orgnameUniversity of Chile orgdiv1Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology Chile
                [2] Valparaíso orgnameUniversity of Playa Ancha orgdiv1Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences orgdiv2Disciplinary Department of Physical Education Chile
                Article
                S0212-16112018000100044 S0212-1611(18)03500100044
                10.20960/nh.1323
                a403a9c2-eef5-4243-acd4-ad5c01148f19

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 22 August 2017
                : 05 June 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 38, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Original Papers

                Heart rate recovery time,School children obesity,,Frecuencia cardiaca de recuperación,Obesidad escolar,Condición física,Riesgo cardiometabólico,Fitness,Cardiometabolic risk

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