What are the roles of substance p and neurokinin-1 receptors in the control of negative chronotropic or negative dromotropic vagal motoneurons? a physiological and ultrastructural analysis

Abstract

Recent data indicate that there is a cardiotopic organization of negative chronotropic and negative dromotropic neurons in the nucleus ambiguus (NA). Negative dromotropic neurons are found in the rostral ventrolateral NA (rNA-VL), negative chronotropic neurons are found in the caudal ventrolateral NA (cNA-VL), and both types of neurons are found in an intermediate level of the ventrolateral NA (iNA-VL). Substance P (SP) immunoreactive nerve terminals synapse upon negative chronotropic vagal motoneurons in the iNA-VL, and SP microinjections in the NA cause bradycardia. In the present report we have attempted to: (1) define the type of tachykinin receptor which mediates the negative chronotropic effect of SP microinjections into the iNA-VL; (2) define the physiological effect of microinjections of a selective SP agonist into the rNA-VL on atrioventricular (AV) conduction: and (3) find ultrastructural evidence for synaptic interactions of SP-immunoreactive nerve terminals with negative dromotropic vagal motoneurons in the rNA-VL. Microinjections of the excitatory amino acid glutamate (Glu) into the iNA-VL to activate all local vagal preganglionic neurons caused both bradycardia and a decrease in the rate of AV conduction. Injections of the selective neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor agonist drug GR-73632 also caused bradycardia, however the rapid onset of agonist induced desensitization prevented an evaluation of potential effects on AV conduction in the iNA-VL. These data suggest that the SP-induced bradycardia which can be elicited from the NA is mediated, at least in part, by NK-1 receptors. Microinjections of Glu into the rNA-VL caused a decrease in AV conduction without an effect on cardiac rate. On the other hand, GR-73632 microinjections into rNA-VL did not affect AV conduction. Following injections of the beta subunit of cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (CTB-HRP) into the left atrial fat pad ganglion which selectively mediates changes in AV conduction, retrogradely labeled neurons were histochemically visualized in the rNA-VL. These tissues were subsequently processed for the simultaneous immunocytochemical visualization of SP, and examined by electron microscopy. Histochemically labeled neurons were large, multipolar, with abundant cytoplasm containing large masses of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and exhibited distinctive dendritic and somatic spines. Unlabeled nerve terminals were noted to form either asymmetric or symmetric synapses with dendrites, dendritic spines, and perikarya of histochemically labeled neurons. SP-immunoreactive nerve terminals were also detected in the rNA-VL. SP terminals typically contained numerous small pleomorphic vesicles, multiple large dense core vesicles, and several mitochondria, and they synapsed upon unlabeled dendritic profiles. A total of 154 SP-immunoreactive nerve terminals were observed on photomicrographs of tissues which also contained histochemically labeled profiles. None made an identifiable synapse with a retrogradely labeled profile on the sections examined. In summary, both physiological and ultrastructural data indicate that SP terminals in the iNA-VL do modify the output of negative chronotropic vagal motoneurons. This effect is mediated by NK-1 receptors. On the other hand both physiological and ultrastructural data indicate that SP terminals in the rNA-VL do not modify the output of negative dromotropic vagal motoneurons. Therefore different mechanisms (neurotransmitters or receptors) mediate the central vagal control of cardiac rate and AV conduction.