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      Diagnosis of the nutrient compositional space of fruit crops Translated title: Diagnóse da composição nutricional em plantas frutíferas

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          Abstract

          Tissue analysis is a useful tool for the nutrient management of fruit orchards. The mineral composition of diagnostic tissues expressed as nutrient concentration on a dry weight basis has long been used to assess the status of 'pure' nutrients. When nutrients are mixed and interact in plant tissues, their proportions or concentrations change relatively to each other as a result of synergism, antagonism, or neutrality, hence producing resonance within the closed space of tissue composition. Ternary diagrams and nutrient ratios are early representations of interacting nutrients in the compositional space. Dual and multiple interactions were integrated by the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) into nutrient indexes and by Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis into centered log ratios (CND-clr). DRIS has some computational flaws such as using a dry matter index that is not a part as well as nutrient products (e.g. NxCa) instead of ratios. DRIS and CND-clr integrate all possible nutrient interactions without defining an ad hoc interactive model. They diagnose D components while D-1 could be diagnosed in the D-compositional Hilbert space. The isometric log ratio (ilr) coordinates overcome these problems using orthonormal binary nutrient partitions instead of dual ratios. In this study, it is presented a nutrient interactive model as well as computation methods for DRIS and CND-clr and CND-ilr coordinates (CND-ilr) using leaf analytical data from an experimental apple orchard in Southwestern Quebec, Canada. It was computed the Aitchison and Mahalanobis distances across ilr coordinates as measures of nutrient imbalance. The effect of changing nutrient concentrations on ilr coordinates are simulated to identify the ones contributing the most to nutrient imbalance.

          Translated abstract

          A análise do tecido é uma ferramenta útil para o manejo de nutrientes em pomares de frutas. A composição mineral dos tecidos diagnósticos expressa a concentração de nutrientes em relação à matéria seca e, tem sido muito utilizada para avaliar o status dos nutrientes "puros". Quando os nutrientes interagem nos tecidos vegetais, suas proporções ou concentrações mudam relativamente entre si, como resultado do sinergismo, do antagonismo, ou da neutralidade, produzindo, portanto, uma ressonância dentro do espaço fechado da composição do tecido. Os diagramas ternários e as relações entre nutrientes são as representações iniciais da interação de nutrientes no espaço da composição. As interações duplas e múltiplas foram integradas pelo Sistema Integrado de Diagnose e Recomendação (DRIS) nos índices de nutrientes, e pela Diagnose da Composição Nutricional nas relações do log centralizado (CND-clr). O DRIS possui algumas falhas computacionais, tais como a utilização de um índice de matéria seca o qual não faz parte, bem como os produtos de nutrientes (por exemplo, NxCa) ao invés de relações. O DRIS e o CND-clr integram todas as possíveis interações de nutrientes, sem a definição de um modelo ad hoc interativo. Eles diagnosticam D componentes, enquanto D-1 componentes podem ser diagnosticados no espaço D-composicional de Hilbert. As coordenadas da relação log isométrica (ilr) supera esses problemas, usando partições de nutrientes binárias ortonormais, ao invés de relações duplas. Neste artigo, apresentamos um modelo interativo de nutrientes, bem como métodos de cálculo para DRIS, CND-clr e para as coordenadas CND-ilr (CND-ilr), utilizando dados analíticos foliares de um pomar experimental de maçã no sudoeste de Québec, no Canadá. Calculamos as distâncias de Mahalanobis e de Aitchison entre as coordenadas ilr como medidas de desequilíbrio nutricional. O efeito da alteração na concentração de nutrientes nas coordenadas ilr foi simulado para identificar aqueles que mais contribuem para o desequilíbrio de nutrientes.

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          N : P ratios in terrestrial plants: variation and functional significance

          Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability limit plant growth in most terrestrial ecosystems. This review examines how variation in the relative availability of N and P, as reflected by N : P ratios of plant biomass, influences vegetation composition and functioning. Plastic responses of plants to N and P supply cause up to 50-fold variation in biomass N : P ratios, associated with differences in root allocation, nutrient uptake, biomass turnover and reproductive output. Optimal N : P ratios - those of plants whose growth is equally limited by N and P - depend on species, growth rate, plant age and plant parts. At vegetation level, N : P ratios <10 and >20 often (not always) correspond to N- and P-limited biomass production, as shown by short-term fertilization experiments; however long-term effects of fertilization or effects on individual species can be different. N : P ratios are on average higher in graminoids than in forbs, and in stress-tolerant species compared with ruderals; they correlate negatively with the maximal relative growth rates of species and with their N-indicator values. At vegetation level, N : P ratios often correlate negatively with biomass production; high N : P ratios promote graminoids and stress tolerators relative to other species, whereas relationships with species richness are not consistent. N : P ratios are influenced by global change, increased atmospheric N deposition, and conservation managment. Contents Summary 243 I Introduction 244 II Variability of N : P ratios in response to nutrient  supply 244 III Critical N : P ratios as indicators of nutrient  limitation 248 IV Interspecific variation in N : P ratios 252 V Vegetation properties in relation to N : P ratios 255 VI Implications of N : P ratios for human impacts  on ecosystems 258 VII Conclusions 259 Acknowledgements 259 References 260.
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            Mineral nutrition of higher plants

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              Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rbf
                Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura
                Rev. Bras. Frutic.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Fruticultura (Jaboticabal )
                1806-9967
                March 2011
                : 33
                : 1
                : 321-334
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Université Laval Canada
                Article
                S0100-29452011000100041
                10.1590/S0100-29452011000100041
                a45d31a8-4774-4123-8aea-9fd7fca45639

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0100-2945&lng=en
                Categories
                HORTICULTURE

                Horticulture
                Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS),Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis (CND),centred log ratio (CND-clr),isometric log ratio (CND-ilr),Aitchison distance,Mahalanobis distance,Sistema Integrado de Diagnose e Recomendação (DRIS),Diagnose da Composição Nutricional (CND),relação do log centralizado (CND-clr),relação do log isométrico (CND-ilr),distância de Aitchison,distância de Mahalanobis

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