Four-arm single docking full robotic surgery for low rectal cancer: technique standardization

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Abstract

The authors present the four-arm single docking full robotic surgery to treat low rectal cancer. The eight main operative steps are: 1- patient positioning; 2- trocars set-up and robot docking; 3- sigmoid colon, left colon and splenic flexure mobilization (lateral-to-medial approach); 4-Inferior mesenteric artery and vein ligation (medial-to-lateral approach); 5- total mesorectum excision and preservation of hypogastric and pelvic autonomic nerves (sacral dissection, lateral dissection, pelvic dissection); 6- division of the rectum using an endo roticulator stapler for the laparoscopic performance of a double-stapled coloanal anastomosis (type I tumor); 7- intersphincteric resection, extraction of the specimen through the anus and lateral-to-end hand sewn coloanal anastomosis (type II tumor); 8- cylindric abdominoperineal resection, with transabdominal section of the levator muscles (type IV tumor). The techniques employed were safe and have presented low rates of complication and no mortality.

Translated abstract

Os autores apresentam, detalhadamente, as técnicas para o tratamento do câncer do reto distal utilizando o Sistema Robótico da Vinci SI(r). São descritos os principais passos das operações: 1- Posição do Paciente; 2- Posicionamento dos trocartes e do robô; 3-Mobilização do cólon sigmoide, cólon descendente e ângulo esplênico pelo acesso látero-medial; 4- Ligadura dos vasos mesentéricos inferiores pelo acesso medial; 5- Excisão total do mesorreto, preservação dos nervos pélvicos (dissecção horizontal ou sacral, dissecção lateral e dissecção vertical ou pélvica); 6- Secção do reto distal com o endogrampeador e anastomose coloanal (Tumor tipo I); 7- Ressecção interesfinctérica, extração da peça pelo ânus e anastomose látero-terminal manual (Tumor tipo II); 8- Ressecção abdominoperineal do reto cilíndrica com secção dos músculos elevadores do ânus por via abdominal (Tumor tipo IV). A utilização dessas técnicas, apesar de serem complexas, mostrou-se segura, com baixo índice de complicação pós-operatória e sem mortalidade.

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Most cited references 37

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Watch and wait approach following extended neoadjuvant chemoradiation for distal rectal cancer: are we getting closer to anal cancer management?

Joaquim Gama-Rodrigues, Prajct P Sao, Angelita Habr-Gama … (2013)

No immediate surgery (Watch and Wait) has been considered in select patients with complete clinical response after neoadjuvant chemoradiation to avoid postoperative morbidity and functional disorders after radical surgery. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the long-term results of patients who had a complete clinical response following an alternative chemoradiation regimen and were managed nonoperatively. This is a prospective study. This study was conducted at a single center. Seventy consecutive patients with T2-4N0-2M0 distal rectal cancer were studied. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy included 54 Gy and 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin delivered in 6 cycles every 21 days. Patients were assessed for tumor response at 10 weeks from radiation completion. Patients with incomplete clinical response were referred to immediate surgery. Patients with complete clinical response were not immediately operated on and were monitored. The primary outcomes measured were the initial complete clinical response rates after 10 weeks and the sustained complete clinical response rates after 12 months from chemoradiotherapy. One patient died during chemoradiotherapy because of cardiac complications. Forty-seven (68%) patients had initial complete clinical response. Of these, 8 developed local regrowth within the first 12 months of follow-up (17%). Thirty-nine sustained complete clinical response at a median follow-up of 56 months (57%). An additional 4 patients (10%) developed late local recurrences (>12 months of follow-up). Overall, 35 patients never underwent surgery (50%). This study is limited by the short follow-up and small sample size. Extended chemoradiation therapy with additional chemotherapy cycles and 54 Gy of radiation may result in over 50% of sustained (>12 months) complete clinical response rates that may ultimately avoid radical rectal resection. Local failures occur more frequently during the initial 12 months of follow-up in up to 17% of cases, whereas late recurrences are less common but still possible, leading to 50% of patients who never required surgery. Strict follow-up may allow salvage therapy in the majority of these patients (see Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/DCR/A113.).

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Impact of robotic surgery on sexual and urinary functions after fully robotic nerve-sparing total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer.

Cristina Trovato, Manuela Valvo, Massimiliano Zuccaro … (2013)

Urinary and sexual dysfunctions are recognized complications of rectal cancer surgery. Their incidence after robotic surgery is as yet unknown. The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate the impact of robotic surgery for rectal cancer on sexual and urinary functions in male and female patients. From April 2008 to December 2010, 74 patients undergoing fully robotic resection for rectal cancer were prospectively included in the study. Urinary and sexual dysfunctions affecting quality of life were assessed with specific self-administered questionnaires in all patients undergoing robotic total mesorectal excision (RTME). Results were calculated with validated scoring systems and statistically analyzed. The analyses of the questionnaires completed by the 74 patients who underwent RTME showed that sexual function and general sexual satisfaction decreased significantly 1 month after intervention: 19.1 ± 8.7 versus 11.9 ± 10.2 (P < 0.05) for erectile function and 6.9 ± 2.4 versus 5.3 ± 2.5 (P < 0.05) for general satisfaction in men; 2.6 ± 3.3 versus 0.8 ± 1.4 (P < 0.05) and 2.4 ± 2.5 versus 0.7 ± 1.6 (P < 0.05) for arousal and general satisfaction, respectively, in women. Subsequently, both parameters increased progressively, and 1 year after surgery, the values were comparable to those measured before surgery. Concerning urinary function, the grade of incontinence measured 1 year after the intervention was unchanged for both sexes. RTME allows for preservation of urinary and sexual functions. This is probably due to the superior movements of the wristed instruments that facilitate fine dissection, coupled with a stable and magnified view that helps in recognizing the inferior hypogastric plexus.