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      Animal tracking moves community ecology: Opportunities and challenges

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          Abstract

          1. Individual decisions regarding how, why and when organisms interact with one another and with their environment scale up to shape patterns and processes in communities. Recent evidence has firmly established the prevalence of intraspecific variation in nature and its relevance in community ecology, yet challenges associated with collecting data on large numbers of individual conspecifics and heterospecifics have hampered integration of individual variation into community ecology.

          2. Nevertheless, recent technological and statistical advances in GPS‐tracking, remote sensing and behavioural ecology offer a toolbox for integrating intraspecific variation into community processes. More than simply describing where organisms go, movement data provide unique information about interactions and environmental associations from which a true individual‐to‐community framework can be built.

          3. By linking the movement paths of both conspecifics and heterospecifics with environmental data, ecologists can now simultaneously quantify intraspecific and interspecific variation regarding the Eltonian (biotic interactions) and Grinnellian (environmental conditions) factors underpinning community assemblage and dynamics, yet substantial logistical and analytical challenges must be addressed for these approaches to realize their full potential.

          4. Across communities, empirical integration of Eltonian and Grinnellian factors can support conservation applications and reveal metacommunity dynamics via tracking‐based dispersal data. As the logistical and analytical challenges associated with multi‐species tracking are surmounted, we envision a future where individual movements and their ecological and environmental signatures will bring resolution to many enduring issues in community ecology.

          Abstract

          Eltonian and Grinnelian dynamics inferred from multi‐species tracking data. Panel (a): Tracks of five individuals from three different species reveal intraspecific and interspecific interactions through time, thereby enabling the construction of interaction topologies including both conspecifics and heterospecifics at an individual level. Panel (b): Interactions in the Eltonian arena can be mapped via temporally explicit tracks, allowing for spatiotemporal analysis of interactions across landscapes. Therefore, the intersection of tracks with environmental data (e.g. remote sensing layers) in space and time quantifies environmental associations and facilitates assessments of population‐ and community‐wide Grinnellian niche partitioning.

          Resumo

          1. Decisões tomadas por indivíduos sobre como, por que e quando organismos interagem uns com ou outros e com o ambiente moldam padrões e processos em comunidades. Evidências recentes estabeleceram fortemente a prevalência da variação intraespecífica na natureza e sua relevância para a ecologia de comunidades. Entretanto, uma série de desafios associados com a coleta de dados empíricos em um número representativo de indivíduos conspecíficos e heterospecíficos tem dificultado a integração da variação individual na ecologia de comunidades.

          2. No entanto, desenvolvimentos tecnológicos e estatísticos recentes em técnicas de rastreamento por GPS, sensoriamento remoto e ecologia comportamental oferecem as ferramentas necessárias para integrar a variação intraespecífica em processos na escala de comunidades. Mais do que simplesmente descrever onde diferentes organismos vão, dados de movimento animal fornecem informações únicas sobre interações bióticas e associações ambientais, a partir das quais um verdadeiro framework de indivíduos para comunidades pode ser construído.

          3. Ao conectar trajetórias de movimento de conspecíficos e heterospecíficos com dados ambientais, ecólogos agora podem simultaneamente quantificar variações intra‐ e interespecíficas de fatores Eltonianos (interações bióticas) e Grinnellianos (condições ambientais) relacionados com a montagem de comunidades e suas dinâmicas. Entretanto, desafios logísticos e analíticos devem ser resolvidos antes que tal abordagem finalmente atinja seu potencial máximo.

          4. Entre comunidades, a integração empírica de fatores Eltonianos e Grinnellianos pode fomentar aplicações para a conservação e revelar dinâmicas de metacomunidades via dados de dispersão baseados em biorastreamento. Conforme os desafios logísticos e analíticos associados com o biorastreamento simultâneo de indivíduos de múltiplas espécies sejam superados, nós antevemos um futuro no qual os movimentos de indivíduos e suas assinaturas ecológicas e ambientais trarão novas perspectivas para muitos dos problemas duradouros em ecologia de comunidades.

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          Most cited references114

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          Ecological Niches

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                walter.jetz@yale.edu
                Journal
                J Anim Ecol
                J Anim Ecol
                10.1111/(ISSN)1365-2656
                JANE
                The Journal of Animal Ecology
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                0021-8790
                1365-2656
                18 April 2022
                July 2022
                : 91
                : 7 ( doiID: 10.1111/jane.v91.7 )
                : 1334-1344
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas Brazil
                [ 2 ] Department of Natural Resources and the Environment University of New Hampshire Durham NH USA
                [ 3 ] Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA USA
                [ 4 ] Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven CT USA
                [ 5 ] Center for Biodiversity and Global Change Yale University New Haven CT USA
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Walter Jetz

                Email: walter.jetz@ 123456yale.edu

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2370-5866
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2868-7161
                Article
                JANE13698 JAE-2021-00861.R1
                10.1111/1365-2656.13698
                10286655
                35388473
                a4f15ae1-acf4-4fa6-9631-8bd15f067d23
                © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Animal Ecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Ecological Society.

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 02 November 2021
                : 27 March 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 0, Pages: 11, Words: 8762
                Funding
                Funded by: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo , doi 10.13039/501100001807;
                Award ID: 2020/11953‐2
                Funded by: Instituto Serrapilheira , doi 10.13039/501100013275;
                Award ID: Serra ‐ R‐2011‐37572
                Funded by: National Aeronautics and Space Administration , doi 10.13039/100000104;
                Award ID: 80NSSC18K
                Funded by: Yale University, Max Planck ‐ Yale Center for Biodiversity Movement and Global Change , doi 10.13039/100005326;
                Categories
                Applied Ecology
                Community Ecology
                Conservation Ecology
                Landscape Ecology
                Movement Ecology
                Spatial Ecology
                Trophic Interactions
                Concept
                Concept
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                July 2022
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.2.9 mode:remove_FC converted:22.06.2023

                Ecology
                dispersal,ecological interactions,environmental niche,gps‐tracking,intraspecific variation,remote sensing

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