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      • Record: found
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      Dimercaptosuccinic acid: A multifunctional cost effective agent for imaging and therapy

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          Abstract

          Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) is an analog of dimercaprol used as metal chelating moiety in variety of conditions. In nuclear medicine itself two types of Tc-99m DMSA complexes are used, trivalent and pentavalent forms. In this review, we have discussed the mechanism of uptake of both complexes as well as diagnostic and therapeutic application in a clinical scenario.

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          Acid pH in tumors and its potential for therapeutic exploitation.

          I Tannock, D. Rotin (1989)
          Measurement of pH in tissue has shown that the microenvironment in tumors is generally more acidic than in normal tissues. Major mechanisms which lead to tumor acidity probably include the production of lactic acid and hydrolysis of ATP in hypoxic regions of tumors. Further reduction in pH may be achieved in some tumors by administration of glucose (+/- insulin) and by drugs such as hydralazine which modify the relative blood flow to tumors and normal tissues. Cells have evolved mechanisms for regulating their intracellular pH. The amiloride-sensitive Na+/H+ antiport and the DIDS-sensitive Na+-dependent HCO3-/Cl- exchanger appear to be the major mechanisms for regulating pHi under conditions of acid loading, although additional mechanisms may contribute to acid extrusion. Mitogen-induced initiation of proliferation in some cells is preceded by cytoplasmic alkalinization, usually triggered by stimulation of Na+/H+ exchange; proliferation of other cells can be induced without prior alkalinization. Mutant cells which lack Na+/H+ exchange activity have reduced or absent ability to generate solid tumors; a plausible explanation is the failure of such mutant cells to withstand acidic conditions that are generated during tumor growth. Studies in tissue culture have demonstrated that the combination of hypoxia and acid pHe is toxic to mammalian cells, whereas short exposures to either factor alone are not very toxic. This interaction may contribute to cell death and necrosis in solid tumors. Acidic pH may influence the outcome of tumor therapy. There are rather small effects of pHe on the response of cells to ionizing radiation but acute exposure to acid pHe causes a marked increase in response to hyperthermia; this effect is decreased in cells that are adapted to low pHe. Acidity may have varying effects on the response of cells to conventional anticancer drugs. Ionophores such as nigericin or CCCP cause acid loading of cells in culture and are toxic only at low pHc; this toxicity is enhanced by agents such as amiloride or DIDS which impair mechanisms involved in regulation of pHi. It is suggested that acid conditions in tumors might allow the development of new and relatively specific types of therapy which are directed against mechanisms which regulate pHi under acid conditions.
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            Identification and characterization of a widely expressed phosphate transporter/retrovirus receptor family.

            Michael P. Kavanaugh, David Kabat (1996)
            The cell-surface receptors for gibbon ape leukemia virus (Glvr-1; [1]) and rat amphotropic virus (Ram-1; [2]) were recently demonstrated to serve normal cellular functions as sodium-dependent phosphate transporters [3, 4]. These transporters, called PiT-1 and PiT-2, respectively, are approximately 59% identical in amino acid sequence and are members of a gene family distinct from the renal type I and type II NaPi sodium-dependent phosphate transporters. Both PiT-1 and PiT-2 are widely distributed in many tissues including kidney, brain, heart, liver, muscle, and bone marrow. Expression of both transporters is increased by phosphate deprivation. The distinct structural and functional properties of these molecules establishes them as members of a new family of phosphate transporters which may play a major role in phosphate uptake in a wide variety of cell types.
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              Guidelines for 99mTc-DMSA scintigraphy in children.

              A Piepsz, P Colarinha, I. Gordon … (2001)
              Article 0 comments Cited 18 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Indian J Nucl Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Indian J Nucl Med
                Journal ID (publisher-id): IJNM
                Title: Indian Journal of Nuclear Medicine : IJNM : The Official Journal of the Society of Nuclear Medicine, India
                Publisher: Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )
                ISSN (Print): 0972-3919
                ISSN (Electronic): 0974-0244
                Publication date (Print): Oct-Dec 2015
                Volume: 30
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 295-302
                Affiliations
                [1]Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Dr. Jaya Shukla, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh - 160 012, India. E-mail: shuklajaya@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: IJNM-30-295
                DOI: 10.4103/0972-3919.164015
                PMC ID: 4579612
                SO-VID: a4fb511e-daf7-4ae0-b11e-d04f818f4888
                Copyright © Copyright: © Indian Journal of Nuclear Medicine
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms

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                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Radiology & Imaging
                Keywords: dimercaptosuccinic acid,glucose-mediated acidosis,pentavalent,renal cortex,trivalent
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Radiology & Imaging
                Keywords: dimercaptosuccinic acid, glucose-mediated acidosis, pentavalent, renal cortex, trivalent

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