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      Clinical considerations in the management of hidradenitis suppurativa in women

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          Abstract

          Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the skin with a predilection for women. The role of sex hormones, including estrogen and progesterone, is incompletely understood, but alterations in hormone levels may play a role in disease activity for many patients. Specific clinical considerations should be made for women with HS, particularly in the setting of pregnancy, childbirth, breastfeeding, and menopause. Current knowledge gaps regarding HS include the cumulative impact of disease across an individual's lifespan, as well as the mechanistic role of sex hormones in the disease. An improved understanding of the pathophysiologic role of hormones in HS would optimize our ability to use targeted therapies for hormonally driven disease. Psychological and psychosexual support for women with HS is an important facet of any holistic management strategy for the disease. This article integrates up-to-date pathogenic and mechanistic insights with evidence-based clinical management to optimize care for women with HS.

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          Most cited references48

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          Lack of placental transfer of certolizumab pegol during pregnancy: results from CRIB, a prospective, postmarketing, pharmacokinetic study

          Objectives There is a need for effective and safe treatment during pregnancy in women with chronic inflammatory diseases. This study evaluated placental transfer of certolizumab pegol (CZP), an Fc-free anti-tumour necrosis factor drug, from CZP-treated pregnant women to their infants. Methods CRIB was a pharmacokinetic (PK) study of women ≥30 weeks pregnant receiving commercial CZP for a locally approved indication (last dose ≤35 days prior to delivery). Blood samples were collected from mothers, umbilical cords and infants at delivery, and infants again at weeks 4 and 8 post-delivery. CZP plasma concentrations were measured with a highly sensitive and CZP-specific electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (lower limit of quantification 0.032 μg/mL). Results Sixteen women entered and completed the study. Maternal CZP plasma levels at delivery were within the expected therapeutic range (median [range] 24.4 [5.0–49.4] μg/mL). Of the 16 infants, 2 were excluded from the per-protocol set: 1 due to missing data at birth and 1 due to implausible PK data. Of the remaining 14 infants, 13 had no quantifiable CZP levels at birth (<0.032 μg/mL), and 1 had a minimal CZP level of 0.042 μg/mL (infant/mother plasma ratio 0.0009); no infants had quantifiable CZP levels at weeks 4 and 8. Of 16 umbilical cord samples, 1 was excluded due to missing data; 3/15 had quantifiable CZP levels (maximum 0.048 μg/mL). Conclusions There was no to minimal placental transfer of CZP from mothers to infants, suggesting lack of in utero foetal exposure during the third trimester. These results support continuation of CZP treatment during pregnancy, when considered necessary. Trial registration number NCT02019602; Results.
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            Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Systematic Review Integrating Inflammatory Pathways Into a Cohesive Pathogenic Model

            Background: The pathogenesis of hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is not fully understood. This systematic review examined the latest evidence for molecular inflammatory pathways involved in HS as a chronic inflammatory skin disease. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed/Medline and EMBASE from January 2013 through September 2017, according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA). Findings on HS pathogenesis were also compared with those of other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) in a non-systematic review. In addition, current therapeutic options for HS are briefly discussed on the basis of the findings for the inflammatory pathways involved in HS. Results: A total of 32 eligible publications were identified by the systematic search; these were supplemented with three additional publications. The extracted data indicated that four key themes underlie the pathogenesis of HS and related syndromic conditions. First, nicastrin (NCSTN) and PSTPIP1 mutations are directly associated with auto-inflammatory disease. Secondly, the up-regulation of several cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α and T helper-17/interleukin-23 are connected to auto-inflammatory mechanisms in the pathogenesis of HS. Thirdly, the microbiome of lesional skin differs significantly vs. normal-appearing skin. Fourthly, HS risk is enhanced through physiological and environmental factors such as smoking, obesity, and mechanical friction. There is significant overlap between the pathogenesis of HS, its syndromic forms and other IMIDs, particularly with respect to aberrations in the innate immune response. Conclusions: The evidence presented in this review supports HS as an auto-inflammatory skin disorder associated with alterations in the innate immune system. Based on these most recent data, an integrative viewpoint is presented on the pathogenesis of HS. Current management strategies on HS consist of anti-inflammatory therapies, surgical removal of chronic lesions, and lifestyle changes such as smoking cessation and weight loss. As large gaps remain in the understanding of the pathogenesis of HS, further research is warranted to ultimately improve the management and treatment of patients with HS and related syndromic conditions.
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              Quality of Life and Psychosocial Implications in Patients with Hidradenitis Suppurativa

              Background: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a long-term skin disorder associated with high levels of psychological distress and significant life impact. Objective: To evaluate the quality of life, depression, anxiety, loneliness, and self-esteem in patients with HS. Methods: Ninety-four patients with HS were enrolled in the study. The quality of life, depression, anxiety, loneliness, and self-esteem of the patients were assessed using the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the UCLA Loneliness Scale (UCLA-Version 3), and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), respectively. Results: The DLQI mean score was 11.43 ± 6.61 in patients with HS. The patients with HS presented statistically significantly higher anxiety (6.41 ± 3.31 vs. 5.00 ± 1.59, p < 0.001), depression (5.45 ± 2.79 vs. 4.16 ± 1.54, p < 0.001), and loneliness and social isolation scores (42.86 ± 8.63 vs. 35.57 ± 6.17, p < 0.001) and lower self-esteem scores (18.91 ± 1.79 vs. 19.77 ± 2.53, p = 0.008) than the healthy controls. Conclusions: HS is a distressing, recurrent disease that impairs quality of life. We can suggest services that allow an integrated approach, which includes psychosocial support, offering the patients relief from isolation and an opportunity to share common experiences.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Int J Womens Dermatol
                Int J Womens Dermatol
                International Journal of Women's Dermatology
                Elsevier
                2352-6475
                29 October 2021
                December 2021
                29 October 2021
                : 7
                : 5Part B
                : 664-671
                Affiliations
                [a ]Liverpool Hospital Department of Dermatology, Sydney, Australia
                [b ]Rockefeller University, New York, New York
                [c ]Division of Dermatology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
                [d ]University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding Author. john.frew@ 123456unsw.edu.au
                Article
                S2352-6475(21)00135-0
                10.1016/j.ijwd.2021.10.012
                8714605
                35028361
                a66b0534-0ee5-47e3-85b7-b74dbfb1a579
                © 2021 The Author(s)

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 6 August 2021
                : 20 October 2021
                : 24 October 2021
                Categories
                Review

                hidradenitis suppurativa,estrogen,progesterone,hormones,women,childbirth,breastfeeding,menopause,quality of life,psychosexual function

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