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      Facile extraction of cellulose nanocrystals from wood using ethanol and peroxide solvothermal pretreatment followed by ultrasonic nanofibrillation

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          Abstract

          Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were successfully extracted from wood flour by a two-step process that comprised ethanol and peroxide solvothermal pretreatment and an ultrasonic disintegration process.

          Abstract

          Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were successfully extracted from wood flour by a two-step process that comprised ethanol and peroxide solvothermal pretreatment and an ultrasonic disintegration process. Characterization results showed that 97% of the total lignin and 70% of the hemicellulose could be fractionated in a single ethanosolv pretreatment step. Additional treatment with alkaline hydrogen peroxide removed the residual lignin and hemicellulose and resulted in high purity cellulose. The CNCs obtained after ultrasonication displayed a similar yield, size, morphology, and crystallinity but had better thermal stability and film forming properties than those produced by concentrated acid hydrolysis. Overall, the solvothermal treatment using ethanol and its combination with peroxide is an ideal substitute method for pretreatment of lignocellulose. Further integration of such pretreatments with ultrasonication provides a promising efficient process with low environmental impact for production of CNCs.

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          Biomass pretreatment: fundamentals toward application.

          Development of sustainable energy systems based on renewable biomass feedstocks is now a global effort. Lignocellulosic biomass contains polymers of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, bound together in a complex structure. Liquid biofuels, such as ethanol, can be made from biomass via fermentation of sugars derived from the cellulose and hemicellulose within lignocellulosic materials, but the biomass must be subjected to pretreatment processes to liberate the sugars needed for fermentation. Production of value-added co-products along-side biofuels through integrated biorefinery processes creates the need for selectivity during pretreatment. This paper presents a survey of biomass pretreatment technologies with emphasis on concepts, mechanism of action and practicability. The advantages and disadvantages, and the potential for industrial applications of different pretreatment technologies are the highlights of this paper. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            Nanocellulose: a new ageless bionanomaterial

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              Production and modification of nanofibrillated cellulose using various mechanical processes: a review.

              Nanofibrillated cellulose from biomass has recently gained attention owing to their biodegradable nature, low density, high mechanical properties, economic value and renewability. Although they still suffer from two major drawbacks. The first challenge is the exploration of raw materials and its application in nanocomposites production. Second one is high energy consumption regarding the mechanical fibrillation. However, pretreatments before mechanical isolation can overcome this problem. Hydrophilic nature of nano-size cellulose fibers restricts good dispersion of these materials in hydrophobic polymers and therefore, leads to lower mechanical properties. Surface modification before or after mechanical defibrillation could be a solution for this problem. Additionally, drying affects the size of nanofibers and its properties which needs to study further. This review focuses on recent developments in pretreatments, nanofibrillated cellulose production and its application in nanopaper applications, coating additives, security papers, food packaging, and surface modifications and also for first time its drying. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                GRCHFJ
                Green Chemistry
                Green Chem.
                Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
                1463-9262
                1463-9270
                2016
                2016
                : 18
                : 4
                : 1010-1018
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology
                [2 ]Ministry of Education
                [3 ]Northeast Forestry University
                [4 ]Harbin 150040
                [5 ]China
                Article
                10.1039/C5GC02576A
                a73a7aa8-2e53-4d49-a2ed-f6a1129e61ec
                © 2016
                History

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