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      Síndrome de depresión de grasa láctea provocado por el isómero trans-10, cis-12 del ácido linoleico conjugado en vacas lactantes. Revisión Translated title: Milk fat depression syndrome caused by trans-10, cis-12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid in lactating cows. Review

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          Abstract

          Resumen: El objetivo fue discutir el efecto del isómero trans-10, cis-12 del ácido linoleico conjugado (ALC) en el síndrome de depresión de grasa láctea (SDGL) en vacas, caracterizado por reducir hasta en 50 % la concentración de grasa en leche. Este síndrome causa menor rendimiento de derivados lácteos, por lo que el productor recibe menor pago por la leche. Diversas teorías explican la presencia del SDGL, siendo la biohidrogenación la mejor sustentada, donde establece que baja proporción de fibra detergente neutro o alta inclusión de ácidos grasos (AG) insaturados en la dieta de vacas lactantes, propician alteraciones en la biohidrogenación ruminal. Ello da origen a mayor producción de AG trans, que inhiben enzimas necesarias para la síntesis de AG en la glándula mamaria. El isómero trans-10, cis-12 ALC es uno de los principales responsables de la presencia del SDGL, cuyo mecanismo de acción no es claro aún, pero se sabe que dicho isómero suprime factores de transcripción que regulan la síntesis de grasa en leche.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract: The objective of this review is to discuss the effect of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on the milk fat depression syndrome (MFD) in dairy cows. The MFD is characterized by a reduction of up to 50 % of fat concentration in milk, leading to lower yield of dairy products, and consequently, the farmer gets less payment for that milk. There are many theories that discuss MFD; however, the biohydrogenation is the one best supported, which states that a low proportion of neutral detergent fiber or high inclusion of unsaturated fatty acids (FA) into the diet of lactating cows, leads to alterations in ruminal biohydrogenation. This causes an increase of trans FA production, inhibiting those enzymes that are needed to synthesize FA in the mammary gland. The trans-10, cis-12 isomer of CLA is one of the main factors to develop MFD. However, the mechanism is still unclear, but it is known that such isomer suppresses transcription factors that regulate the synthesis of fat in milk.

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          Most cited references53

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          Board-invited review: Recent advances in biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids within the rumen microbial ecosystem.

          Recent advances in chromatographic identification of CLA isomers, combined with interest in their possible properties in promoting human health (e.g., cancer prevention, decreased atherosclerosis, improved immune response) and animal performance (e.g., body composition, regulation of milk fat synthesis, milk production), has renewed interest in biohydrogenation and its regulation in the rumen. Conventional pathways of biohydrogenation traditionally ignored minor fatty acid intermediates, which led to the persistence of oversimplified pathways over the decades. Recent work is now being directed toward accounting for all possible trans-18:1 and CLA products formed, including the discovery of novel bioactive intermediates. Modern microbial genetics and molecular phylogenetic techniques for identifying and classifying microorganisms by their small-subunit rRNA gene sequences have advanced knowledge of the role and contribution of specific microbial species in the process of biohydrogenation. With new insights into the pathways of biohydrogenation now available, several attempts have been made at modeling the pathway to predict ruminal flows of unsaturated fatty acids and biohydrogenation intermediates across a range of ruminal conditions. After a brief historical account of major past accomplishments documenting biohydrogenation, this review summarizes recent advances in 4 major areas of biohydrogenation: the microorganisms involved, identification of intermediates, the biochemistry of key enzymes, and the development and testing of mathematical models to predict biohydrogenation outcomes.
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            The biologically active isomers of conjugated linoleic acid.

            Numerous physiological effects are attributed to conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). The purpose of this presentation is to consider these effects with respect to the cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomers. We review previously published data and present new findings that relate to underlying biochemical mechanisms of action. Both isomers are natural products. The cis-9,trans-11 isomer is the principal dietary form of CLA, but the concentrations of this isomer and the trans-10,cis-12 isomer in dairy products or beef vary depending on the diet fed to cows or steers, respectively. The trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomer exerts specific effects on adipocytes, in particular reducing the uptake of lipid by inhibiting the activities of lipoprotein lipase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase. The trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomer also affects lipid metabolism in cultured Hep-G2 human liver cells, whereas both the cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomers appear to be active in inhibiting carcinogenesis in animal models. We present new findings indicating that the cis-9,trans-11 CLA isomer enhances growth and probably feed efficiency in young rodents. Accordingly, the effects of CLA on body composition (induced by trans-10,cis-12 CLA) and growth/feed efficiency (induced by cis-9,trans-11 CLA) appear to be due to separate biochemical mechanisms. We also show that a 19-carbon CLA cognate (conjugated nonadecadienoic acid, CNA) inhibits lipoprotein lipase activity as effectively as CLA in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Presumably, CNA is metabolized differently than the 18-carbon CLA isomers, so this finding indicates direct activity of the administered compound as opposed to acting via a metabolite.
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              Regulation and nutritional manipulation of milk fat: low-fat milk syndrome

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rmcp
                Revista mexicana de ciencias pecuarias
                Rev. mex. de cienc. pecuarias
                Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico )
                2007-1124
                2448-6698
                September 2018
                : 9
                : 3
                : 536-554
                Affiliations
                [1] Nuevo León orgnameInstituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias orgdiv1Campo Experimental General Terán Mexico
                [2] Texcoco orgnameColegio de Postgraduados orgdiv1Programa de Ganadería Mexico
                Article
                S2007-11242018000300536
                10.22319/rmcp.v9i3.4337
                a831b974-54d9-46a6-ae53-c6a04fa0c1b8

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 05 December 2016
                : 23 September 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 66, Pages: 19
                Product

                SciELO Mexico


                Dairy industry,Industria lechera,Biohidrogenación,Síntesis de grasa,Ácidos grasos,Biohydrogenation,Fat synthesis,Fatty acids

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