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      Contribuição de solutos orgânicos e inorgânicos no ajustamento osmótico de pinhão-manso submetido à salinidade Translated title: Contribution of organic and inorganic solutes to osmotic adjustment of physic nut under salinity

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          Abstract

          O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a acumulação de solutos orgânicos e inorgânicos e suas contribuições para o ajustamento osmótico de folhas de pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas L.) submetido à salinidade. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100 mmol L-1 de NaCl) e quatro repetições. As plantas foram cultivadas hidroponicamente em casa de vegetação, em condições controladas de fotoperíodo (12 horas), temperatura (média de 28ºC) e umidade relativa do ar (média de 65%), com radiação fotossinteticamente ativa máxima média de 700 µmol m-1 s-1. O potencial osmótico das folhas decresceu progressivamente e variou de -0,84 a -2,05 MPa, enquanto o conteúdo relativo de água aumentou nos tratamentos com 75 e 100 mmol L-1. Os íons Na+ e Cl- foram os mais importantes, em termos quantitativos, e contribuíram com cerca de 52 e 20%, respectivamente, para o ajustamento osmótico das folhas de plantas tratadas com NaCl. A contribuição do K+ decresceu de modo acentuado e foi de 17 e 5% nos tratamentos com 25 e 100 mmol L-1 de NaCl. A contribuição média dos solutos orgânicos, açúcares, aminoácidos, glicina betaína e prolina, foi de 5,5, 6, 4 e 0,03%, respectivamente. As folhas de pinhão-manso ajustam-se osmoticamente em presença de salinidade, e mantêm bom nível de hidratação, principalmente por meio da acumulação de Na+ e Cl-. A glicina betaína tem papel quantitativo mais importante do que a prolina no ajustamento osmótico, tanto em presença quanto em ausência de salinidade.

          Translated abstract

          The objectives of this work were to evaluate the organic and inorganic solutes accumulation and measure their contribution to the osmotic adjustment of physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) leaves under salinity. The experiment was carried out using a completely randomized design with five treatments (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mmol L-1 of NaCl) and four replications. Plants were hydroponically grown under greenhouse controlled conditions of photoperiod (12 hours), temperature (average of 28ºC), relative humidity (average of 65%), and with maximum photosynthetically active radiation average of 700 µmol m-1 s-1. The leaf osmotic potential decreased progressively, changing from -0.84 to -2.05 MPa, while the relative water content increased in the 75 and 100 mmol L-1 treatments. The relative contribution of Na+ and Cl-ions were the most important quantitatively for the leaf osmotic adjustment of salt-treated plants, 52 and 20%, respectively. The relative contribution of K+ decreased significantly with added salt, changing from 17 to 5% as the NaCl level increased from 25 to 100 mmol L-1. The average contribution of sugars, amino acids, glycinebetaine, and proline was approximately 5.5, 6, 4, and 0.03%, respectively. The physic nut leaves exhibited an effective osmotic adjustment under salinity, maintaining their hydration status, mainly via Na+ and Cl-accumulation. Glycinebetaine was more important to osmotic adjustment than proline in both salt-treated and untreated plants.

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          The water culture method of growing plants without soil

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            Populus euphratica displays apoplastic sodium accumulation, osmotic adjustment by decreases in calcium and soluble carbohydrates, and develops leaf succulence under salt stress.

            Populus euphratica Olivier is known to exist in saline and arid environments. In this study we investigated the physiological mechanisms enabling this species to cope with stress caused by salinity. Acclimation to increasing Na+ concentrations required adjustments of the osmotic pressure of leaves, which were achieved by accumulation of Na+ and compensatory decreases in calcium and soluble carbohydrates. The counterbalance of Na+/Ca2+ was also observed in mature leaves from field-grown P. euphratica trees exposed to an environmental gradient of increasing salinity. X-ray microanalysis showed that a primary strategy to protect the cytosol against sodium toxicity was apoplastic but not vacuolar salt accumulation. The ability to cope with salinity also included maintenance of cytosolic potassium concentrations and development of leaf succulence due to an increase in cell number and cell volume leading to sodium dilution. Decreases in apoplastic and vacuolar Ca2+ combined with suppression of calcineurin B-like protein transcripts suggest that Na+ adaptation required suppression of calcium-related signaling pathways. Significant increases in galactinol synthase and alternative oxidase after salt shock and salt adaptation point to shifts in carbohydrate metabolism and suppression of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria under salt stress.
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              Cellular volume homeostasis.

              All cells face constant challenges to their volume either through changes in intracellular solute content or extracellular osmolality. Cells respond to volume perturbations by activating membrane transport and/or metabolic processes that result in net solute loss or gain and return of cell volume to its normal resting state. This paper provides a brief overview of fundamental concepts of osmotic water flow across cell membranes, mechanisms of cell volume perturbation, the role of inorganic ions and organic osmolytes in cell volume regulation and the signaling mechanisms that regulate the activity of cell volume-sensitive transport and metabolic pathways.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                pab
                Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira
                Pesq. agropec. bras.
                Embrapa Informação Tecnológica (Brasília )
                1678-3921
                May 2009
                : 44
                : 5
                : 437-445
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal do Ceará Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Federal de Campina Grande
                Article
                S0100-204X2009000500002
                10.1590/S0100-204X2009000500002
                a865a3e5-61aa-417e-ab44-5ad2eda4bd2d

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0100-204X&lng=en
                Categories
                AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE
                AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

                Animal agriculture,General agriculture
                Jatropha curcas,salt stress,osmotic potential,organic solutes,estresse salino,potencial osmótico,solutos orgânicos

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