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      Early Diagnosis of Breast Cancer

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          Abstract

          Early-stage cancer detection could reduce breast cancer death rates significantly in the long-term. The most critical point for best prognosis is to identify early-stage cancer cells. Investigators have studied many breast diagnostic approaches, including mammography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, computerized tomography, positron emission tomography and biopsy. However, these techniques have some limitations such as being expensive, time consuming and not suitable for young women. Developing a high-sensitive and rapid early-stage breast cancer diagnostic method is urgent. In recent years, investigators have paid their attention in the development of biosensors to detect breast cancer using different biomarkers. Apart from biosensors and biomarkers, microwave imaging techniques have also been intensely studied as a promising diagnostic tool for rapid and cost-effective early-stage breast cancer detection. This paper aims to provide an overview on recent important achievements in breast screening methods (particularly on microwave imaging) and breast biomarkers along with biosensors for rapidly diagnosing breast cancer.

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          MicroRNAs: New Biomarkers for Diagnosis, Prognosis, Therapy Prediction and Therapeutic Tools for Breast Cancer

          Gloria Bertoli, Claudia Cava, Isabella Castiglioni (2015)
          Dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) is involved in the initiation and progression of several human cancers, including breast cancer (BC), as strong evidence has been found that miRNAs can act as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. This review presents the state of the art on the role of miRNAs in the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of BC. Based on the results obtained in the last decade, some miRNAs are emerging as biomarkers of BC for diagnosis (i.e., miR-9, miR-10b, and miR-17-5p), prognosis (i.e., miR-148a and miR-335), and prediction of therapeutic outcomes (i.e., miR-30c, miR-187, and miR-339-5p) and have important roles in the control of BC hallmark functions such as invasion, metastasis, proliferation, resting death, apoptosis, and genomic instability. Other miRNAs are of interest as new, easily accessible, affordable, non-invasive tools for the personalized management of patients with BC because they are circulating in body fluids (e.g., miR-155 and miR-210). In particular, circulating multiple miRNA profiles are showing better diagnostic and prognostic performance as well as better sensitivity than individual miRNAs in BC. New miRNA-based drugs are also promising therapy for BC (e.g., miR-9, miR-21, miR34a, miR145, and miR150), and other miRNAs are showing a fundamental role in modulation of the response to other non-miRNA treatments, being able to increase their efficacy (e.g., miR-21, miR34a, miR195, miR200c, and miR203 in combination with chemotherapy).
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            Screening for breast cancer: an update for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.

            Heidi D. Nelson, Kari Tyne, Arpana M Naik … (2009)
            This systematic review is an update of evidence since the 2002 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation on breast cancer screening. To determine the effectiveness of mammography screening in decreasing breast cancer mortality among average-risk women aged 40 to 49 years and 70 years or older, the effectiveness of clinical breast examination and breast self-examination, and the harms of screening. Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (through the fourth quarter of 2008), MEDLINE (January 2001 to December 2008), reference lists, and Web of Science searches for published studies and Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium for screening mammography data. Randomized, controlled trials with breast cancer mortality outcomes for screening effectiveness, and studies of various designs and multiple data sources for harms. Relevant data were abstracted, and study quality was rated by using established criteria. Mammography screening reduces breast cancer mortality by 15% for women aged 39 to 49 years (relative risk, 0.85 [95% credible interval, 0.75 to 0.96]; 8 trials). Data are lacking for women aged 70 years or older. Radiation exposure from mammography is low. Patient adverse experiences are common and transient and do not affect screening practices. Estimates of overdiagnosis vary from 1% to 10%. Younger women have more false-positive mammography results and additional imaging but fewer biopsies than older women. Trials of clinical breast examination are ongoing; trials for breast self-examination showed no reductions in mortality but increases in benign biopsy results. Studies of older women, digital mammography, and magnetic resonance imaging are lacking. Mammography screening reduces breast cancer mortality for women aged 39 to 69 years; data are insufficient for older women. False-positive mammography results and additional imaging are common. No benefit has been shown for clinical breast examination or breast self-examination.
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              Nanomaterials based electrochemical sensors for biomedical applications.

              S Chatterjee, Aicheng Chen (2013)
              A growing variety of sensors have increasingly significant impacts on everyday life. Key issues to take into consideration toward the integration of biosensing platforms include the demand for minimal costs and the potential for real time monitoring, particularly for point-of-care applications where simplicity must also be considered. In light of these developmental factors, electrochemical approaches are the most promising candidate technologies due to their simplicity, high sensitivity and specificity. The primary focus of this review is to highlight the utility of nanomaterials, which are currently being studied for in vivo and in vitro medical applications as robust and tunable diagnostic and therapeutic platforms. Highly sensitive and precise nanomaterials based biosensors have opened up the possibility of creating novel technologies for the early-stage detection and diagnosis of disease related biomarkers. The attractive properties of nanomaterials have paved the way for the fabrication of a wide range of electrochemical sensors that exhibit improved analytical capacities. This review aims to provide insights into nanomaterials based electrochemical sensors and to illustrate their benefits in various key biomedical applications. This emerging discipline, at the interface of chemistry and the life sciences, offers a broad palette of opportunities for researchers with interests that encompass nanomaterials synthesis, supramolecular chemistry, controllable drug delivery and targeted theranostics in biology and medicine.
              Article 0 comments Cited 160 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sensors (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sensors (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): sensors
                Title: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1424-8220
                Publication date (Electronic): 05 July 2017
                Publication date Collection: July 2017
                Volume: 17
                Issue: 7
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1572
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; luluwang2015@ 123456hfut.edu.cn
                [2 ]Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; luwang@ 123456aut.ac.nz
                Article
                Publisher ID: sensors-17-01572
                DOI: 10.3390/s17071572
                PMC ID: 5539491
                PubMed ID: 28678153
                SO-VID: a96914a8-21fb-436a-b604-a79b3ebdb82f
                Copyright © © 2017 by the author.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 23 May 2017
                Date accepted : 01 July 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: microwave imaging,microwave-sensing,breast cancer,biomarker,radio frequency biosensor,microwave biosensor
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: microwave imaging, microwave-sensing, breast cancer, biomarker, radio frequency biosensor, microwave biosensor

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