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      A Systematic Review of Autistic People and the Criminal Justice System: An Update of King and Murphy (2014)

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          Abstract

          The purpose of this paper was to determine whether recommendations made by King & Murphy (Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 44:2717–2733, 2014) in their review of the evidence on autistic people in contact with the criminal justice system (CJS) have been addressed. Research published since 2013 was systematically examined and synthesised. The quality of 47 papers was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Findings suggest a limited amount of good quality research has been conducted that has focused on improving our understanding of autistic people in contact with the CJS since 2013. Methodological limitations make direct comparisons between autistic and non-autistic offenders difficult. Autistic people commit a range of crimes and appear to have unique characteristics that warrant further exploration (i.e., vulnerabilities, motivations for offending).

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          The autism-spectrum quotient (AQ): evidence from Asperger syndrome/high-functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians.

          S. Baron-Cohen, S Wheelwright, R. Skinner … (2001)
          Currently there are no brief, self-administered instruments for measuring the degree to which an adult with normal intelligence has the traits associated with the autistic spectrum. In this paper, we report on a new instrument to assess this: the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ). Individuals score in the range 0-50. Four groups of subjects were assessed: Group 1: 58 adults with Asperger syndrome (AS) or high-functioning autism (HFA); Group 2: 174 randomly selected controls. Group 3: 840 students in Cambridge University; and Group 4: 16 winners of the UK Mathematics Olympiad. The adults with AS/HFA had a mean AQ score of 35.8 (SD = 6.5), significantly higher than Group 2 controls (M = 16.4, SD = 6.3). 80% of the adults with AS/HFA scored 32+, versus 2% of controls. Among the controls, men scored slightly but significantly higher than women. No women scored extremely highly (AQ score 34+) whereas 4% of men did so. Twice as many men (40%) as women (21%) scored at intermediate levels (AQ score 20+). Among the AS/HFA group, male and female scores did not differ significantly. The students in Cambridge University did not differ from the randomly selected control group, but scientists (including mathematicians) scored significantly higher than both humanities and social sciences students, confirming an earlier study that autistic conditions are associated with scientific skills. Within the sciences, mathematicians scored highest. This was replicated in Group 4, the Mathematics Olympiad winners scoring significantly higher than the male Cambridge humanities students. 6% of the student sample scored 32+ on the AQ. On interview, 11 out of 11 of these met three or more DSM-IV criteria for AS/HFA, and all were studying sciences/mathematics, and 7 of the 11 met threshold on these criteria. Test-retest and interrater reliability of the AQ was good. The AQ is thus a valuable instrument for rapidly quantifying where any given individual is situated on the continuum from autism to normality. Its potential for screening for autism spectrum conditions in adults of normal intelligence remains to be fully explored.
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            The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) version 2018 for information professionals and researchers

            Quan Hong, Sergi Fàbregues, Gillian Bartlett … (2018)
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              Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised: A revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders

              Catherine Lord, Michael Rutter, Ann Le Couteur (1994)
              Describes the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), a revision of the Autism Diagnostic Interview, a semistructured, investigator-based interview for caregivers of children and adults for whom autism or pervasive developmental disorders is a possible diagnosis. The revised interview has been reorganized, shortened, modified to be appropriate for children with mental ages from about 18 months into adulthood and linked to ICD-10 and DSM-IV criteria. Psychometric data are presented for a sample of preschool children.
              Article 0 comments Cited 694 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                J. Collins:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0379-5083
                j.collins-2001@kent.ac.uk
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Autism Dev Disord
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Autism Dev Disord
                Title: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
                Publisher: Springer US (New York )
                ISSN (Print): 0162-3257
                ISSN (Electronic): 1573-3432
                Publication date (Electronic): 30 May 2022
                Publication date PMC-release: 30 May 2022
                Publication date (Print): 2023
                Volume: 53
                Issue: 8
                Pages: 3151-3179
                Affiliations
                GRID grid.9759.2, ISNI 0000 0001 2232 2818, Tizard Centre, , University of Kent, ; Canterbury, CT2 7NF UK
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0379-5083
                Article
                Publisher ID: 5590
                DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05590-3
                PMC ID: 10313547
                PubMed ID: 35637365
                SO-VID: a9a99ab9-fc5e-48f2-9f42-abde3f81060c
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2022
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date accepted : 25 April 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Original Paper
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2023

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurology
                Keywords: autism,asd,crime,offending,criminal justice
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurology
                Keywords: autism, asd, crime, offending, criminal justice

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