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      Instar- and host-associated differentiation of bacterial communities in the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata

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          Abstract

          Microorganisms are acknowledged for their role in shaping insects’ evolution, life history and ecology. Previous studies have shown that microbial communities harbored within insects vary through ontogenetic development and among insects feeding on different host-plant species. In this study, we characterized the bacterial microbiota of the highly polyphagous Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae), at different instars and when feeding on different host-plant species. Our results show that the bacterial microbiota hosted within the Mediterranean fruit fly differs among instars and host-plant species. Most of the bacteria harbored by the Mediterranean fruit fly belong to the phylum Proteobacteria, including genera of Alphaproteobacteria such as Acetobacter and Gluconobacter; Betaprotobacteria such as Burkholderia and Gammaproteobacteria such as Pseudomonas.

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          Most cited references50

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          A mathematical theory of communication

          C. Shannon (2001)
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            The gut bacteria of insects: nonpathogenic interactions.

            The diversity of the Insecta is reflected in the large and varied microbial communities inhabiting the gut. Studies, particularly with termites and cockroaches, have focused on the nutritional contributions of gut bacteria in insects living on suboptimal diets. The indigenous gut bacteria, however, also play a role in withstanding the colonization of the gut by non-indigenous species including pathogens. Gut bacterial consortia adapt by the transfer of plasmids and transconjugation between bacterial strains, and some insect species provide ideal conditions for bacterial conjugation, which suggests that the gut is a "hot spot" for gene transfer. Genomic analysis provides new avenues for the study of the gut microbial community and will reveal the molecular foundations of the relationships between the insect and its microbiome. In this review the intestinal bacteria is discussed in the context of developing our understanding of symbiotic relationships, of multitrophic interactions between insects and plant or animal host, and in developing new strategies for controlling insect pests.
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              Facultative bacterial symbionts in aphids confer resistance to parasitic wasps.

              Symbiotic relationships between animals and microorganisms are common in nature, yet the factors controlling the abundance and distributions of symbionts are mostly unknown. Aphids have an obligate association with the bacterium Buchnera aphidicola (the primary symbiont) that has been shown to contribute directly to aphid fitness. In addition, aphids sometimes harbor other vertically transmitted bacteria (secondary symbionts), for which few benefits of infection have been previously documented. We carried out experiments to determine the consequences of these facultative symbioses in Acyrthosiphon pisum (the pea aphid) for vulnerability of the aphid host to a hymenopteran parasitoid, Aphidius ervi, a major natural enemy in field populations. Our results show that, in a controlled genetic background, infection confers resistance to parasitoid attack by causing high mortality of developing parasitoid larvae. Compared with uninfected controls, experimentally infected aphids were as likely to be attacked by ovipositing parasitoids but less likely to support parasitoid development. This strong interaction between a symbiotic bacterium and a host natural enemy provides a mechanism for the persistence and spread of symbiotic bacteria.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                8 March 2018
                2018
                : 13
                : 3
                : e0194131
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
                [2 ] Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi “Mediterranea” di Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
                [3 ] Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
                Universita degli Studi di Camerino, ITALY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0811-1229
                Article
                PONE-D-18-01059
                10.1371/journal.pone.0194131
                5843337
                29518170
                aa43f305-a80e-44f2-bcf4-0c8992110b5a
                © 2018 Malacrinò et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 11 January 2018
                : 26 February 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 2, Pages: 13
                Funding
                Analyses were carried out using instruments acquired with the support of PON SAF@MED (PON a3_00016). “Research infrastructure for sustainable agriculture and food in Mediterranean area” supported by the PON R&C 2007-2013 grant funded by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Microbiology
                Medical Microbiology
                Microbiome
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Genetics
                Genomics
                Microbial Genomics
                Microbiome
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Microbiology
                Microbial Genomics
                Microbiome
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Developmental Biology
                Life Cycles
                Larvae
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Plants
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Bacteria
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Plants
                Fruits
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Plants
                Ficus
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Nutrition
                Diet
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Nutrition
                Diet
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Ecology
                Ecological Metrics
                Species Diversity
                Shannon Index
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Ecology
                Ecological Metrics
                Species Diversity
                Shannon Index
                Custom metadata
                Raw sequence reads from Illumina sequencing are available on NCBI SRA database under the Project Accession IDs PRJNA398982 and PRJNA398983.

                Uncategorized
                Uncategorized

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