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      Consideraciones prácticas para el uso de los nuevos anticoagulantes orales Translated title: Practical considerations for the use of new oral anticoagulants

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          Abstract

          A pesar de la eficacia comprobada acerca del uso de warfarina como terapia anticoagulante, las múltiples interacciones, el estrecho margen terapéutico y la necesidad de monitorización seriada han planteado el escenario para el desarrollo de nuevos medicamentos como dabigatran, rivaroxaban y apixaban que ofrecen nuevas alternativas para el tratamiento del paciente anticoagulado. El conocimiento de las características farmacológicas y farmacocinéticas así como el contexto específico en el cual pueden usarse se convierten en una necesidad para los médicos que se enfrentan a este tipo de pacientes.

          Translated abstract

          Despite the proven efficacy on the use of warfarin as anticoagulant therapy, the multiple interactions, narrow therapeutic index and the need for serial monitoring have raised the need for the development of new drugs such as dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban, that offer new alternatives for treating the anticoagulated patient. Knowledge of the pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic characteristics and the specific context in which they can be used become a necessity for physicians faced with these patients.

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          Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.

          Manesh R Patel, Kenneth Mahaffey, Jyotsna Garg … (2012)
          The use of warfarin reduces the rate of ischemic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation but requires frequent monitoring and dose adjustment. Rivaroxaban, an oral factor Xa inhibitor, may provide more consistent and predictable anticoagulation than warfarin. In a double-blind trial, we randomly assigned 14,264 patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation who were at increased risk for stroke to receive either rivaroxaban (at a daily dose of 20 mg) or dose-adjusted warfarin. The per-protocol, as-treated primary analysis was designed to determine whether rivaroxaban was noninferior to warfarin for the primary end point of stroke or systemic embolism. In the primary analysis, the primary end point occurred in 188 patients in the rivaroxaban group (1.7% per year) and in 241 in the warfarin group (2.2% per year) (hazard ratio in the rivaroxaban group, 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.66 to 0.96; P<0.001 for noninferiority). In the intention-to-treat analysis, the primary end point occurred in 269 patients in the rivaroxaban group (2.1% per year) and in 306 patients in the warfarin group (2.4% per year) (hazard ratio, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.74 to 1.03; P<0.001 for noninferiority; P=0.12 for superiority). Major and nonmajor clinically relevant bleeding occurred in 1475 patients in the rivaroxaban group (14.9% per year) and in 1449 in the warfarin group (14.5% per year) (hazard ratio, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.96 to 1.11; P=0.44), with significant reductions in intracranial hemorrhage (0.5% vs. 0.7%, P=0.02) and fatal bleeding (0.2% vs. 0.5%, P=0.003) in the rivaroxaban group. In patients with atrial fibrillation, rivaroxaban was noninferior to warfarin for the prevention of stroke or systemic embolism. There was no significant between-group difference in the risk of major bleeding, although intracranial and fatal bleeding occurred less frequently in the rivaroxaban group. (Funded by Johnson & Johnson and Bayer; ROCKET AF ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00403767.).
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            Apixaban versus Warfarin in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

            Christopher B Granger, John H Alexander, John J.V. McMurray … (2012)
            Vitamin K antagonists are highly effective in preventing stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation but have several limitations. Apixaban is a novel oral direct factor Xa inhibitor that has been shown to reduce the risk of stroke in a similar population in comparison with aspirin. In this randomized, double-blind trial, we compared apixaban (at a dose of 5 mg twice daily) with warfarin (target international normalized ratio, 2.0 to 3.0) in 18,201 patients with atrial fibrillation and at least one additional risk factor for stroke. The primary outcome was ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke or systemic embolism. The trial was designed to test for noninferiority, with key secondary objectives of testing for superiority with respect to the primary outcome and to the rates of major bleeding and death from any cause. The median duration of follow-up was 1.8 years. The rate of the primary outcome was 1.27% per year in the apixaban group, as compared with 1.60% per year in the warfarin group (hazard ratio with apixaban, 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.66 to 0.95; P<0.001 for noninferiority; P=0.01 for superiority). The rate of major bleeding was 2.13% per year in the apixaban group, as compared with 3.09% per year in the warfarin group (hazard ratio, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.60 to 0.80; P<0.001), and the rates of death from any cause were 3.52% and 3.94%, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.80 to 0.99; P=0.047). The rate of hemorrhagic stroke was 0.24% per year in the apixaban group, as compared with 0.47% per year in the warfarin group (hazard ratio, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.35 to 0.75; P<0.001), and the rate of ischemic or uncertain type of stroke was 0.97% per year in the apixaban group and 1.05% per year in the warfarin group (hazard ratio, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.74 to 1.13; P=0.42). In patients with atrial fibrillation, apixaban was superior to warfarin in preventing stroke or systemic embolism, caused less bleeding, and resulted in lower mortality. (Funded by Bristol-Myers Squibb and Pfizer; ARISTOTLE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00412984.).
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              Pharmacologic properties of the new oral anticoagulants: a clinician-oriented review with a focus on perioperative management.

              J D Douketis (2009)
              The past decade has witnessed an explosion in the clinical development of new orally-administered anticoagulant drugs aimed at complementing vitamin K antagonists and heparins for the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism, for the prevention of stroke in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation, and for treatment of acute coronary syndromes. This review will focus on those new oral anticoagulants that are most relevant to the practicing clinician. These drugs consist of dabigatran, a direct thrombin inhibitor and rivaroxaban, a factor Xa inhibitor, both of which have been recently approved for clinical use. In addition, apixaban will be reviewed, which is another factor Xa inhibitor that is in the final stages of clinical development. The objectives of this review are: 1) to provide a clinician-oriented overview of the key pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban; 2) to consider the implications of these drugs' pharmacologic properties in the perioperative setting for patients who require elective or urgent surgery, focusing on pre- and post-operative dosing, laboratory monitoring and reversal of anticoagulant effect.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Julián M Aristizábal: Role: ND
                Alejandra M Restrepo: Role: ND
                William Uribe: Role: ND
                Eduardo Medina: Role: ND
                Jorge E Marín: Role: ND
                Jorge E Velásquez: Role: ND
                Antonio C Miranda: Role: ND
                Mauricio Duque: Role: ND
                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher): rcca
                Title: Revista Colombiana de Cardiología
                Abbreviated Title: Rev. Colomb. Cardiol.
                Publisher: Sociedad Colombiana de Cardiologia. Oficina de Publicaciones (Bogota )
                ISSN: 0120-5633
                Publication date (Print): June 2012
                Volume: 19
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 135-141
                Affiliations
                [1 ] CES Cardiología Colombia
                [2 ] Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe Colombia
                Article
                Publisher ID: S0120-56332012000300006
                SO-VID: aaba96dc-e23c-4489-a4a8-0561d6a1947e
                License:

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Colombia

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0120-5633&lng=en
                Categories
                Subject: CARDIAC & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Cardiovascular Medicine
                Keywords: arrhythmias,clinical cardiology,pharmacology,arritmias,cardiología clínica,farmacología
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Cardiovascular Medicine
                Keywords: arrhythmias, clinical cardiology, pharmacology, arritmias, cardiología clínica, farmacología

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