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      Hard-rooted to nature: rediscovering the forgotten forest in science education

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          Abstract

          Learners are more disconnected from the natural environment than ever before. Science education occurs predominantly in classrooms and laboratories, settings that rationalize and deconstruct the natural world in a Cartesian–Newtonian paradigm. This often negates humans’ relationality and interdependence with other life phenomena and furthermore negates nonhuman agency. I examine the alienation from the natural world in a screen-dominated society, review ecopsychology studies that show the effect of nature on human mental and physiological health, and address the limitations of anthropocentric arguments for reconnecting students with nature. Examples of learning about microbes in a biology laboratory, and the importance of what I call wild fascination, as methods to reconnect with our “forgotten forest” are discussed. Finally, I argue that environmental outdoor education is not only vital to foster an ecocentric ethic, but that it is a necessity for ensuring a sustainable future for the biotic community.

          Résumé

          Les étudiants sont de plus en plus disconnectés de l’environnement naturel, davantage que par le passé. L’enseignement des sciences est présent surtout dans les classes et dans les laboratoires, des milieux qui rationalisent et démantèlent le “milieu naturel” dans un modèle Cartésien et Newtonien. Cela invalide souvent la relationalité humaine et interdépendante avec d’autres phénomènes vivants, et de plus, invalide les organismes non-humains. J’examine l’aliénation de l’univers naturel dans une société dominée par l’écran, une étude critique éco-psychologique qui démontre les conséquences de la nature pour la santé mentale et physiologique de l’être humain. Des exemples d’études en laboratoire de biologie sur les microbes, et l’importance de ce que je nomme, “fascination sauvage,” comme méthodes de reconnecter avec “la forêt oubliée,” sont à l’agenda. Finalement, j’argumente que l’éducation de l’environnement de la nature n’est pas seulement vitale pour favoriser l’éthique éco-centrique, mais que c’est une nécessité pour garantir un futur durable pour la communauté biotique.

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          Most cited references61

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          Mind the Gap: Why do people act environmentally and what are the barriers to pro-environmental behavior?

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            Interactions between commensal intestinal bacteria and the immune system.

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              Is Open Access

              The health benefits of the great outdoors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of greenspace exposure and health outcomes

              Background The health benefits of greenspaces have demanded the attention of policymakers since the 1800s. Although much evidence suggests greenspace exposure is beneficial for health, there exists no systematic review and meta-analysis to synthesise and quantify the impact of greenspace on a wide range of health outcomes. Objective To quantify evidence of the impact of greenspace on a wide range of health outcomes. Methods We searched five online databases and reference lists up to January 2017. Studies satisfying a priori eligibility criteria were evaluated independently by two authors. Results We included 103 observational and 40 interventional studies investigating ~100 health outcomes. Meta-analysis results showed increased greenspace exposure was associated with decreased salivary cortisol −0.05 (95% CI −0.07, −0.04), heart rate −2.57 (95% CI −4.30, −0.83), diastolic blood pressure −1.97 (95% CI −3.45, −0.19), HDL cholesterol −0.03 (95% CI −0.05, <-0.01), low frequency heart rate variability (HRV) −0.06 (95% CI −0.08, −0.03) and increased high frequency HRV 91.87 (95% CI 50.92, 132.82), as well as decreased risk of preterm birth 0.87 (95% CI 0.80, 0.94), type II diabetes 0.72 (95% CI 0.61, 0.85), all-cause mortality 0.69 (95% CI 0.55, 0.87), small size for gestational age 0.81 (95% CI 0.76, 0.86), cardiovascular mortality 0.84 (95% CI 0.76, 0.93), and an increased incidence of good self-reported health 1.12 (95% CI 1.05, 1.19). Incidence of stroke, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, asthma, and coronary heart disease were reduced. For several non-pooled health outcomes, between 66.7% and 100% of studies showed health-denoting associations with increased greenspace exposure including neurological and cancer-related outcomes, and respiratory mortality. Conclusions Greenspace exposure is associated with numerous health benefits in intervention and observational studies. These results are indicative of a beneficial influence of greenspace on a wide range of health outcomes. However several meta-analyses results are limited by poor study quality and high levels of heterogeneity. Green prescriptions involving greenspace use may have substantial benefits. Our findings should encourage practitioners and policymakers to give due regard to how they can create, maintain, and improve existing accessible greenspaces in deprived areas. Furthermore the development of strategies and interventions for the utilisation of such greenspaces by those who stand to benefit the most.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                lee.beavington@kpu.ca
                Journal
                Cult Stud Sci Educ
                Cult Stud Sci Educ
                Cultural Studies of Science Education
                Springer Netherlands (Dordrecht )
                1871-1502
                1871-1510
                3 September 2021
                : 1-18
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.258778.7, ISNI 0000 0000 9606 4172, Department of Biology, , Kwantlen Polytechnic University, ; Surrey, BC Canada
                [2 ]GRID grid.61971.38, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7494, Faculty of Education, , Simon Fraser University, ; Burnaby, BC Canada
                Article
                10078
                10.1007/s11422-021-10078-0
                8414949
                ab0c44e1-5a49-4385-977e-8210c2c5b731
                © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2021

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                : 1 May 2021
                : 23 May 2021
                Categories
                Original Paper

                nature experience,environmental education,anthropocentrism,ecopsychology,science education

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