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      Ansiedad y Tabaco Translated title: Anxiety and Tobacco

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          Abstract

          El consumo de tabaco es la primera causa de muerte evitable. Además de estar asociado a enfermedades físicas y una menor expectativa de vida, cada vez existe más evidencia de su estrecha relación con diversos trastornos mentales como los trastornos de ansiedad. Dada la baja percepción de riesgo asociado a su consumo, en este trabajo se presenta una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica sobre las relaciones entre ansiedad y tabaco, a partir de la cual se detallarán datos de prevalencia, se identificarán los factores que facilitan el inicio y mantenimiento del consumo de tabaco, así como los que dificultan su abandono y favorecen las recaídas, profundizando en diversas teorías explicativas desde una perspectiva emocional. La elevada comorbilidad entre el consumo de tabaco y ciertos trastornos de ansiedad, hace necesario el desarrollo de nuevos y mejores tratamientos de deshabituación de esta sustancia, especialmente diseñados para aquellos fumadores con elevado estado de ansiedad o sensibilidad a la ansiedad, de modo que se pueda abandonar su consumo eficazmente.

          Translated abstract

          Tobacco use is the first preventable cause of death. This is associated not only with physical illness and a shorter life expectancy, but also with different mental disorders such as anxiety disorders. Given the low risk perception of use, this paper reports a systematic review of the scientific literature on the relationship between anxiety and tobacco from an emotional perspective, including data on smoking prevalence, factors associated with the onset and maintenance of tobacco use, as well as those factors that hamper smoking cessation and increase relapse rates. The high rates of comorbidity between tobacco use and anxiety disorders make necessary the development of new and better tobacco cessation treatments, especially designed for those smokers with high state anxiety or anxiety sensitivity, with the aim of maximizing the efficacy.

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          Most cited references213

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          Estimates of global mortality attributable to smoking in 2000.

          Smoking is a risk factor for several diseases and has been increasing in many developing countries. Our aim was to estimate global and regional mortality in 2000 caused by smoking, including an analysis of uncertainty. Following the methods of Peto and colleagues, we used lung-cancer mortality as an indirect marker for accumulated smoking risk. Never-smoker lung-cancer mortality was estimated based on the household use of coal with poor ventilation. Relative risks were taken from the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study, phase II, and the retrospective proportional mortality analysis of Liu and colleagues in China. Relative risks were corrected for confounding and extrapolation to other regions. We estimated that in 2000, 4.83 (uncertainty range 3.94-5.93) million premature deaths in the world were attributable to smoking; 2.41 (1.80-3.15) million in developing countries and 2.43 (2.13-2.78) million in industrialised countries. 3.84 million of these deaths were in men. The leading causes of death from smoking were cardiovascular diseases (1.69 million deaths), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (0.97 million deaths), and lung cancer (0.85 million deaths). Smoking was an important cause of global mortality in 2000. In view of the expected demographic and epidemiological transitions and current smoking patterns in the developing world, the health loss due to smoking will grow even larger unless effective interventions and policies that reduce smoking among men and prevent increases among women in developing countries are implemented.
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            The Composite International Diagnostic Interview. An epidemiologic Instrument suitable for use in conjunction with different diagnostic systems and in different cultures.

            The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), written at the request of the World Health Organization/US Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration Task Force on Psychiatric Assessment Instruments, combines questions from the Diagnostic Interview Schedule with questions designed to elicit Present State Examination items. It is fully structured to allow administration by lay interviewers and scoring of diagnoses by computer. A special Substance Abuse Module covers tobacco, alcohol, and other drug abuse in considerable detail, allowing the assessment of the quality and severity of dependence and its course. This article describes the design and development of the CIDI and the current field testing of a slightly reduced "core" version. The field test is being conducted in 19 centers around the world to assess the interviews' reliability and its acceptability to clinicians and the general populace in different cultures and to provide data on which to base revisions that may be found necessary. In addition, questions to assess International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision, and the revised DSM-III diagnoses are being written. If all goes well, the CIDI will allow investigators reliably to assess mental disorders according to the most widely accepted nomenclatures in many different populations and cultures.
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              The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: focus on heroin and cocaine dependence.

              Recent clinical observations and psychiatric diagnostic findings of drug-dependent individuals suggest that they are predisposed to addiction because they suffer with painful affect states and related psychiatric disorders. The drugs that addicts select are not chosen randomly. Their drug of choice is the result of an interaction between the psychopharmacologic action of the drug and the dominant painful feelings with which they struggle. Narcotic addicts prefer opiates because of their powerful muting action on the disorganizing and threatening affects of rage and aggression. Cocaine has its appeal because of its ability to relieve distress associated with depression, hypomania, and hyperactivity.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                inter
                Psychosocial Intervention
                Psychosocial Intervention
                Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Madrid (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1132-0559
                2173-4712
                December 2009
                : 18
                : 3
                : 213-231
                Affiliations
                [01] Madrid orgnameUniversidad Complutense de Madrid
                [02] Valencia orgnameUniversidad Católica de Valencia
                Article
                S1132-05592009000300003
                ab28fb28-98b6-4f52-b8e6-1c2c5829a71b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 20 October 2009
                : 05 October 2009
                : 26 October 2009
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 142, Pages: 19
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                tobacco,ansiedad,sensibilidad a la ansiedad,pánico,trastornos de ansiedad,tabaco,anxiety,anxiety sensitivity,panic,anxiety disorders

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